Бесконтактный генератор с регулируемым возбуждением
Ключевые слова:
ветроэнергетическая установка, синхронный генератор, обмотка возбуждения, габариты
Аннотация
Развитие ветроэнергетических установок идет в направлении повышения их надежности и эффективности, снижения затрат на обслуживание при длительной эксплуатации. Для этого используют синхронные генераторы с возбуждением от постоянных магнитов, параметры которых во многом определяют эффективность и габариты энергоустановки в целом. В статье предложена новая конструкция бесщеточного синхронного генератора с продольным к оси вращения ротора возбуждением. Генератор отличается простотой полюсов ротора и удвоенной частотой напряжения на вторичной обмотке. Отмечается возможность изготовления корпуса статора из дешевого пластика и подобных немагнитных материалов, благодаря чему достижимо снижение массы и стоимости генератора в целом, а основной областью применения могут быть энергоустановки малой и средней мощности. Для замыкания магнитного потока возбуждения ротора установлены продольные магнитопроводы с катушками на них в вырезах немагнитного корпуса статора. Это позволяет улучшить теплоотвод от вторичной обмотки и упростить сборку. Возможно плавное регулирование выходного напряжения в широком диапазоне частоты вращения. Приведены результаты моделирования магнитного поля в воздушном зазоре статор–ротор и формы выходного напряжения для базовой конфигурации магнитной системы.
Литература
1. Елистратов В.В. Возобновляемая энергетика. СПб.: Изд-во политехн. ун-та, 2016, 424 с.
2. Мартьянов А.С. Исследование алгоритмов управления и разработка контроллера ветроэнергетической установки с вертикальной осью вращения: дис. … канд. техн. наук. Челябинск: 2016, 174 с.
3. Yuan X., et al. DC-link Voltage Control of a Full Power Converter for Wind Generator Operating in Weak-Grid Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 2178–2192, DOI:10.1109/TPEL.2009.2022082.
4. Bingyi Z., et al. A Switchable Cascaded Multi-DC-Branch for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wide Speed Range on Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2017, DOI:10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289210.
5. Furlani E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices. San Diego: Academic press, 2001, 537 p.
6. Gieras J., Wing M. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology. N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, 2002, 611 p.
7. Hanselman D.C. Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor Design. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1994, 195 p.
8. Labidi Z.R., Schulte H., Mami A. Modeling and Optimal Torque Control of Small Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems, 2017, DOI:10.1109/GECS.2017.8066149.
9. Maslov A.E., Mytsyk G.S. Voltage-Stabilized Brushless Permanent Magnets Generator with Reversible Voltage Booster Channel. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, Sochi, Russia, 2019, DOI:10.1109/ICIEAM.2019.8743079.
10. Godoy R.B., et al. A HPF AC-AC Converter for Permanent Magnet Generator Applications. – SPEEDAM, Pisa, Italy, 2010, DOI:10.1109/SPEEDAM.2010.5542286.
11. Shyam B., Raj A.B., Thomas P.C. A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Power Quality Improvement Features. – ISGT2011, India, 2011, DOI:10.1109/ISET-India.2011.6145360.
12. Singh A., Benzaquen J., Mirafzal B. Current Source Generator–Converter Topology for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 1663–1670.
13. Bharanikumar R., et al. Steady State Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven PM Generator with Power Converters. – First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, India, 2008, DOI:10.1109/ICETET.2008.135.
14. Saleh S.A.M. Testing the Performance of a Resolution-Level MPPT Controller for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 53, iss.3, pp. 2526–540.
15. Xu Z., et al. Unified Control for the Permanent Magnet Generator and Rectifier System. – 26th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011, DOI:10.1109/APEC.2011.5744853.
16. Otero-Verdejo C., et al. Grid-Connected Wind Microinverter for a PMG Based Savonious–Gorlov Turbine. – International Conference on New Concepts in Smart Cities: Fostering Public and Private Alliances (SmartMILE), Spain, 2013, DOI:10.1109/SmartMILE.2013.6708184.
17. Saleh S.A., Ahshan R. Resolution-Level-Controlled WM Inverter for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2012, vol. 48, iss. 2, pp.750–763.
18. Tsuda T., et al. Effects of the Built-in Permanent Magnet Rotor on the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Permanent Magnet Induction Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, vol. 22, iss. 3, pp. 798–799.
19. Nihonyanagi A., Takemoto M., Ogasawara S. Examination of an Axial-Gap Generator with Ferrite Permanent Magnets Realizing Miniaturization and High Output Power of Engine Generators. – IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, ID, USA, 2015, DOI:10.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409075.
20. Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, CO, USA, 2012, DOI:10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
21. Virlan B., et al. Pole Magnets Segmentation Effect on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Electromechanical and Power Systems (SIELMEN), Romania, 2017, DOI:10.1109/SIELMEN.2017.8123318.
22. Muyeen S.M., et al. Transient Stability Analysis of Permanent Magnet Variable Speed Synchronous Wind Generator. – International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), South Korea, 2007, DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2007.4412242.
23. Сковпень С.М., Коновалова А.И., Коптяев Е.Н. Синхронный генератор с продольным возбуждением от постоянного магнита. – Научно-технические ведомости Севмашвтуза, 2020, № 1, c. 15–19.
24. Пат. RU 197778 U1. Генератор с продольным возбуждением / Е.Н. Коптяев, 2020.
25. Пат. RU 198522 U1. Улучшенный генератор с продольным возбуждением / Е.Н. Коптяев, 2020.
26. Демирчян К.С. и др. Теоретические основы электротехники: т.1. СПб.: Питер, 2003, 463 с.
#
1. Elistratov V.V. Vozobnovlyaemaya energetika (Renewable Energy). SPb.: Izd-vo politekhn. un-ta, 2016, 424 p.
2. Mart'yanov А.S. Issledovanie algoritmov upravleniya i razrabotka kontrollera vetroenergeticheskoy ustanovki s vertikal'noy os'yu vrashcheniya: dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk (Control Algorithms Research and Development of a Controller of a Wind Turbine with a Vertical Axis of Rotation: dis. ... Cand. Sci. (Eng.)). Chelyabinsk: 2016, 174 p.
3. Yuan X., et al. DC-link Voltage Control of a Full Power Converter for Wind Generator Operating in Weak-Grid Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 2178–2192, DOI:10.1109/TPEL.2009.2022082.
4. Bingyi Z., et al. A Switchable Cascaded Multi-DC-Branch for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wide Speed Range on Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2017, DOI:10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289210.
5. Furlani E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices. San Diego: Academic press, 2001, 537 p.
6. Gieras J., Wing M. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology. N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, 2002, 611 p.
7. Hanselman D.C. Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor Design. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1994, 195 p.
8. Labidi Z.R., Schulte H., Mami A. Modeling and Optimal Torque Control of Small Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems, 2017, DOI:10.1109/GECS.2017.8066149.
9. Maslov A.E., Mytsyk G.S. Voltage-Stabilized Brushless Permanent Magnets Generator with Reversible Voltage Booster Channel. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, Sochi, Russia, 2019, DOI:10.1109/ICIEAM.2019.8743079.
10. Godoy R.B., et al. A HPF AC-AC Converter for Permanent Magnet Generator Applications. – SPEEDAM, Pisa, Italy, 2010, DOI:10.1109/SPEEDAM.2010.5542286.
11. Shyam B., Raj A.B., Thomas P.C. A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Power Quality Improvement Features. – ISGT2011, India, 2011, DOI:10.1109/ISET-India.2011.6145360.
12. Singh A., Benzaquen J., Mirafzal B. Current Source Generator–Converter Topology for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 1663–1670.
13. Bharanikumar R., et al. Steady State Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven PM Generator with Power Converters. – First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, India, 2008, DOI:10.1109/ICETET.2008.135.
14. Saleh S.A.M. Testing the Performance of a Resolution-Level MPPT Controller for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 53, iss.3, pp. 2526–540.
15. Xu Z., et al. Unified Control for the Permanent Magnet Generator and Rectifier System. – 26th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011, DOI:10.1109/APEC.2011.5744853.
16. Otero-Verdejo C., et al. Grid-Connected Wind Microinverter for a PMG Based Savonious–Gorlov Turbine. – International Conference on New Concepts in Smart Cities: Fostering Public and Private Alliances (SmartMILE), Spain, 2013, DOI:10.1109/SmartMILE.2013.6708184.
17. Saleh S.A., Ahshan R. Resolution-Level-Controlled WM Inverter for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2012, vol. 48, iss. 2, pp.750–763.
18. Tsuda T., et al. Effects of the Built-in Permanent Magnet Rotor on the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Permanent Magnet Induction Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, vol. 22, iss. 3, pp. 798–799.
19. Nihonyanagi A., Takemoto M., Ogasawara S. Examination of an Axial-Gap Generator with Ferrite Permanent Magnets Realizing Miniaturization and High Output Power of Engine Generators. – IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, ID, USA, 2015, DOI:10.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409075.
20. Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, CO, USA, 2012, DOI:10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
21. Virlan B., et al. Pole Magnets Segmentation Effect on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Electromechanical and Power Systems (SIELMEN), Romania, 2017, DOI:10.1109/SIELMEN.2017.8123318.
22. Muyeen S.M., et al. Transient Stability Analysis of Permanent Magnet Variable Speed Synchronous Wind Generator. – International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), South Korea, 2007, DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2007.4412242.
23. Skovpen' S.M., Konovalova A.I., Koptyaev E.N. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie vedomosti Sevmashvtuza – in Russ. (Scientific and Technical Bulletin of Sevmashvtuz), 2020, No. 1, pp. 15–19.
24. Pat. RU 197778 U1. Generator s prodol'nym vozbuzhdeniem (Generator with Longitudinal Excitation) / Е.N. Koptyaev, 2020.
25. Pat. RU 198522 U1. Uluchshennyy generator s prodol'nym vozbuzhdeniem (Improved Generator with Longitudinal Excitation) / Е.N. Koptyaev, 2020.
26. Demirchyan К.S., et al. Teoreticheskie osnovy elektrotekhniki (Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering): vol.1. SPb.: Piter, 2003, 463 p.
2. Мартьянов А.С. Исследование алгоритмов управления и разработка контроллера ветроэнергетической установки с вертикальной осью вращения: дис. … канд. техн. наук. Челябинск: 2016, 174 с.
3. Yuan X., et al. DC-link Voltage Control of a Full Power Converter for Wind Generator Operating in Weak-Grid Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 2178–2192, DOI:10.1109/TPEL.2009.2022082.
4. Bingyi Z., et al. A Switchable Cascaded Multi-DC-Branch for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wide Speed Range on Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2017, DOI:10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289210.
5. Furlani E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices. San Diego: Academic press, 2001, 537 p.
6. Gieras J., Wing M. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology. N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, 2002, 611 p.
7. Hanselman D.C. Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor Design. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1994, 195 p.
8. Labidi Z.R., Schulte H., Mami A. Modeling and Optimal Torque Control of Small Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems, 2017, DOI:10.1109/GECS.2017.8066149.
9. Maslov A.E., Mytsyk G.S. Voltage-Stabilized Brushless Permanent Magnets Generator with Reversible Voltage Booster Channel. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, Sochi, Russia, 2019, DOI:10.1109/ICIEAM.2019.8743079.
10. Godoy R.B., et al. A HPF AC-AC Converter for Permanent Magnet Generator Applications. – SPEEDAM, Pisa, Italy, 2010, DOI:10.1109/SPEEDAM.2010.5542286.
11. Shyam B., Raj A.B., Thomas P.C. A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Power Quality Improvement Features. – ISGT2011, India, 2011, DOI:10.1109/ISET-India.2011.6145360.
12. Singh A., Benzaquen J., Mirafzal B. Current Source Generator–Converter Topology for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 1663–1670.
13. Bharanikumar R., et al. Steady State Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven PM Generator with Power Converters. – First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, India, 2008, DOI:10.1109/ICETET.2008.135.
14. Saleh S.A.M. Testing the Performance of a Resolution-Level MPPT Controller for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 53, iss.3, pp. 2526–540.
15. Xu Z., et al. Unified Control for the Permanent Magnet Generator and Rectifier System. – 26th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011, DOI:10.1109/APEC.2011.5744853.
16. Otero-Verdejo C., et al. Grid-Connected Wind Microinverter for a PMG Based Savonious–Gorlov Turbine. – International Conference on New Concepts in Smart Cities: Fostering Public and Private Alliances (SmartMILE), Spain, 2013, DOI:10.1109/SmartMILE.2013.6708184.
17. Saleh S.A., Ahshan R. Resolution-Level-Controlled WM Inverter for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2012, vol. 48, iss. 2, pp.750–763.
18. Tsuda T., et al. Effects of the Built-in Permanent Magnet Rotor on the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Permanent Magnet Induction Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, vol. 22, iss. 3, pp. 798–799.
19. Nihonyanagi A., Takemoto M., Ogasawara S. Examination of an Axial-Gap Generator with Ferrite Permanent Magnets Realizing Miniaturization and High Output Power of Engine Generators. – IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, ID, USA, 2015, DOI:10.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409075.
20. Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, CO, USA, 2012, DOI:10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
21. Virlan B., et al. Pole Magnets Segmentation Effect on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Electromechanical and Power Systems (SIELMEN), Romania, 2017, DOI:10.1109/SIELMEN.2017.8123318.
22. Muyeen S.M., et al. Transient Stability Analysis of Permanent Magnet Variable Speed Synchronous Wind Generator. – International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), South Korea, 2007, DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2007.4412242.
23. Сковпень С.М., Коновалова А.И., Коптяев Е.Н. Синхронный генератор с продольным возбуждением от постоянного магнита. – Научно-технические ведомости Севмашвтуза, 2020, № 1, c. 15–19.
24. Пат. RU 197778 U1. Генератор с продольным возбуждением / Е.Н. Коптяев, 2020.
25. Пат. RU 198522 U1. Улучшенный генератор с продольным возбуждением / Е.Н. Коптяев, 2020.
26. Демирчян К.С. и др. Теоретические основы электротехники: т.1. СПб.: Питер, 2003, 463 с.
#
1. Elistratov V.V. Vozobnovlyaemaya energetika (Renewable Energy). SPb.: Izd-vo politekhn. un-ta, 2016, 424 p.
2. Mart'yanov А.S. Issledovanie algoritmov upravleniya i razrabotka kontrollera vetroenergeticheskoy ustanovki s vertikal'noy os'yu vrashcheniya: dis. … kand. tekhn. nauk (Control Algorithms Research and Development of a Controller of a Wind Turbine with a Vertical Axis of Rotation: dis. ... Cand. Sci. (Eng.)). Chelyabinsk: 2016, 174 p.
3. Yuan X., et al. DC-link Voltage Control of a Full Power Converter for Wind Generator Operating in Weak-Grid Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2009, vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 2178–2192, DOI:10.1109/TPEL.2009.2022082.
4. Bingyi Z., et al. A Switchable Cascaded Multi-DC-Branch for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wide Speed Range on Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), 2017, DOI:10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289210.
5. Furlani E.P. Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices. San Diego: Academic press, 2001, 537 p.
6. Gieras J., Wing M. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology. N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, 2002, 611 p.
7. Hanselman D.C. Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motor Design. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1994, 195 p.
8. Labidi Z.R., Schulte H., Mami A. Modeling and Optimal Torque Control of Small Wind Turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Green Energy Conversion Systems, 2017, DOI:10.1109/GECS.2017.8066149.
9. Maslov A.E., Mytsyk G.S. Voltage-Stabilized Brushless Permanent Magnets Generator with Reversible Voltage Booster Channel. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, Sochi, Russia, 2019, DOI:10.1109/ICIEAM.2019.8743079.
10. Godoy R.B., et al. A HPF AC-AC Converter for Permanent Magnet Generator Applications. – SPEEDAM, Pisa, Italy, 2010, DOI:10.1109/SPEEDAM.2010.5542286.
11. Shyam B., Raj A.B., Thomas P.C. A Novel Wind Energy Conversion System with Power Quality Improvement Features. – ISGT2011, India, 2011, DOI:10.1109/ISET-India.2011.6145360.
12. Singh A., Benzaquen J., Mirafzal B. Current Source Generator–Converter Topology for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 54, iss. 2, pp. 1663–1670.
13. Bharanikumar R., et al. Steady State Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven PM Generator with Power Converters. – First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, India, 2008, DOI:10.1109/ICETET.2008.135.
14. Saleh S.A.M. Testing the Performance of a Resolution-Level MPPT Controller for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2017, vol. 53, iss.3, pp. 2526–540.
15. Xu Z., et al. Unified Control for the Permanent Magnet Generator and Rectifier System. – 26th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2011, DOI:10.1109/APEC.2011.5744853.
16. Otero-Verdejo C., et al. Grid-Connected Wind Microinverter for a PMG Based Savonious–Gorlov Turbine. – International Conference on New Concepts in Smart Cities: Fostering Public and Private Alliances (SmartMILE), Spain, 2013, DOI:10.1109/SmartMILE.2013.6708184.
17. Saleh S.A., Ahshan R. Resolution-Level-Controlled WM Inverter for PMG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2012, vol. 48, iss. 2, pp.750–763.
18. Tsuda T., et al. Effects of the Built-in Permanent Magnet Rotor on the Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Permanent Magnet Induction Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, vol. 22, iss. 3, pp. 798–799.
19. Nihonyanagi A., Takemoto M., Ogasawara S. Examination of an Axial-Gap Generator with Ferrite Permanent Magnets Realizing Miniaturization and High Output Power of Engine Generators. – IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference, ID, USA, 2015, DOI:10.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409075.
20. Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, CO, USA, 2012, DOI:10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
21. Virlan B., et al. Pole Magnets Segmentation Effect on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. – International Conference on Electromechanical and Power Systems (SIELMEN), Romania, 2017, DOI:10.1109/SIELMEN.2017.8123318.
22. Muyeen S.M., et al. Transient Stability Analysis of Permanent Magnet Variable Speed Synchronous Wind Generator. – International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), South Korea, 2007, DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2007.4412242.
23. Skovpen' S.M., Konovalova A.I., Koptyaev E.N. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie vedomosti Sevmashvtuza – in Russ. (Scientific and Technical Bulletin of Sevmashvtuz), 2020, No. 1, pp. 15–19.
24. Pat. RU 197778 U1. Generator s prodol'nym vozbuzhdeniem (Generator with Longitudinal Excitation) / Е.N. Koptyaev, 2020.
25. Pat. RU 198522 U1. Uluchshennyy generator s prodol'nym vozbuzhdeniem (Improved Generator with Longitudinal Excitation) / Е.N. Koptyaev, 2020.
26. Demirchyan К.S., et al. Teoreticheskie osnovy elektrotekhniki (Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering): vol.1. SPb.: Piter, 2003, 463 p.
