Анализ энергетических характеристик солнечных батарей при частичном затенении
Ключевые слова:
солнечная батарея, фотоэлектрический преобразователь, солнечный элемент, энергетические характеристики, байпасный диод
Аннотация
Самым динамично развивающимся сегментом рынка солнечной энергетики в настоящее время являются BIPV (Building integrated photovoltaic) системы, которые представляют собой солнечные панели, интегрированные в ограждающие конструкции зданий: окна, кровля, фасады. Особенностью BIPV-систем является неоптимальная ориентация в пространстве солнечных панелей, что обусловливает существенные потери энергии при их частичном затенении. Тщательный анализ энергетических характеристик фотоэлектрических преобразователей является необходимым фундаментом для разработки новых и совершенствования известных технических решений по повышению эффективности солнечных батарей, работающих в условиях частичного затенения. Представлена математическая модель фотоэлектрического преобразователя, реализованная в MatLab/Simulink, обеспечивающая возможность исследования энергетических характеристик фотоэлектрических модулей различных типов, используя в качестве исходных данных только техническую спецификацию от производителя. Представлены результаты анализа энергетических характеристик фотоэлектрического модуля SPRX20250BLK при частичном затенении. Показано, что в последовательной цепочке из неравномерно освещенных солнечных элементов возможны режимы, при которых вольт-амперная характеристика менее освещенных элементов будет смещена в область отрицательных значений, что будет приводить к рассеиванию на них части мощности, генерируемой более освещенными элементами. Установлено, что применение байпасных диодов предотвращает появление так называемых «горячих точек» на фотоэлектрических модулях в условиях их неравномерного освещения, но не решает проблемы эффективного использования энергии, генерируемой солнечными панелями. При малом числе байпасных диодов затенение даже небольшой части поверхности солнечной панели приводит к значительным потерям выходной мощности, а увеличение количества диодов существенно усложняет технологию производства самих модулей и ужесточает требования к другим компонентам фотоэлектрических станций: контроллерам и преобразователям.
Литература
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13. Sinapis K., et al. A Comprehensive Study on Partial Shading Response of c-Si Modules and Yield Modeling of String Inverter and Module Level Power Electronics. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 135, pр. 731–741, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.050.
14. Постановление Правительства РФ от 02.03.2021 № 299 "О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации в части определения особенностей правового регулирования отношений по функционированию объектов микрогенерации" [Электрон. ресурс], URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202103060015 (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
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16. Раушенбах Г. Справочник по проектированию солнечных батарей. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1983, 360 с.
17. Bishop J.W. Computer Simulation of the Effects of Electrical Mismatches in Photovoltaic Cell Interconnection Circuits. – Solar Cells, 1988, vol. 25, pp. 73–89, DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(88)90059-2.
18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.nrel.gov/ (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
19. SunPower [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://us.sunpower.com/(дата обращения 04.07.2022).
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21. Baka M., et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Reconfigurable PV Modules under Shading. – Solar Energy, 2019, vol. 178, pp. 69–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.063.
22. Obukhov S., et al. Optimal Performance of Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization Based Maximum Power Trackers for Stand-Alone PV System under Partial Shading Conditions. – IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 1, pp. 20770–20785, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966430. SJR 0.587.
23. Calcabrini A., et al. A Fully Reconfigurable Series-Parallel Photovoltaic Module for Higher Energy Yields in Urban Environments. – Renewable Energy, 2021, vol. 179, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.010
#
1. Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. – Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2022, 312 p. [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf (Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
2. Alves T.N., et al. Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14 (13), 3863, DOI: 10.3390/en14133863.
3. Zheng H., et al. Shading and Bypass Diode Impacts to Energy Extraction of PV Arrays under Different Converter Configurations. – Renewable Energy, 2014, vol. 68, pp. 58–66, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.025.
4. Mesquita D.B., et al. A Review and Analysis of Technologies Applied in PV Modules. – 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT Latin America), 2019, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2019.8895369.
5. Sarah K.E., Roland U., Ephraim N.C. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. – International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2020, vol. 9, pp. 741–749, DOI: 10.17577/IJERTV9IS070244.
6. Tarabsheh A.A., Akmal M, Ghazal M. Improving the Efficiency of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules without Bypass Diodes. – Electronics, 2021, vol. 10, 1046, DOI: 10.3390/electronics10091046.
7. Pannebakker B.B., de Waal A.C., van Sark W. Photovoltaics in the Shade: One Bypass Diode per Solar Cell Revisited. – Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2017, vol. 25, pp. 836–849, DOI: 10.1002/pip.2898.
8. Hanifi H., et al. A Novel Electrical Approach to Protect PV Modules under Various Partial Shading Situations. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 193, pp. 814–819, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.035.
9. Boghdady T.A., et al. Comparative Study of Optimal PV Array Configurations and MPPT under Partial Shading with Fast Dynamical Change of Hybrid Load. – Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, 2937, DOI: 10.3390/su14052937.
10. Akrami M., Pourhossein K. A Novel Reconfiguration Procedure to Extract Maximum Power from Partially-shaded Photovoltaic Arrays. – Solar Energy, 2018, vol. 173, pp. 110–119, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.067.
11. Tubniyom C, et al. Minimization of Losses in Solar Photovoltaic Modules by Reconfiguration under Various Patterns of Partial Shading. – Energies, 2018, vol. 12(24), DOI: 10.3390/en12010024.
12. Calcabrini A., et al. Simulation Study of the Electrical Yield of Various PV Module Topologies in Partially Shaded Urban Scenarios. – Solar Energy, 2021, vol. 225, pр. 726–733, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.061.
13. Sinapis K., et al. A Comprehensive Study on Partial Shading Response of c-Si Modules and Yield Modeling of String Inverter and Module Level Power Electronics. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 135, pр. 731–741, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.050.
14. Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 02.03.2021 № 299 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 299 dated 02.03.2021) [Electron. resource], URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202103060015 (Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
15. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Kryuchkova M. Simulation of Electrical Characteristics of a Solar Panel. – IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 132 (1), 012017, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/132/1/012017.
16. Raushenbah G. Spravochnik po proektirovaniyu solnechnyh batarey (Guide to the Design of Solar Panels). М.: Energoatomizdat, 1983, 360 p.
17. Bishop J.W. Computer Simulation of the Effects of Electrical Mismatches in Photovoltaic Cell Interconnection Circuits. – Solar Cells, 1988, vol. 25, pp. 73–89, DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(88)90059-2.
18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.nrel.gov/ (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
19. SunPower [Electron. resource], URL: https://us.sunpower.com/( Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
20. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Klimova G.N. A New Method for Determining Parameters of Photovoltaic Module Based on the Data from Technical Specification. – Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2022, vol. 19, pp. 55–64, DOI: 10.31489/2022No1/55-64.
21. Baka M., et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Reconfigurable PV Modules under Shading. – Solar Energy, 2019, vol. 178, pp. 69–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.063.
22. Obukhov S., et al. Optimal Performance of Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization Based Maximum Power Trackers for Stand-Alone PV System under Partial Shading Conditions. – IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 1, pp. 20770–20785, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966430. SJR 0.587.
23. Calcabrini A., et al. A Fully Reconfigurable Series-Parallel Photovoltaic Module for Higher Energy Yields in Urban Environments. – Renewable Energy, 2021, vol. 179, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.010
2. Alves T.N., et al. Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14 (13), 3863, DOI: 10.3390/en14133863.
3. Zheng H., et al. Shading and Bypass Diode Impacts to Energy Extraction of PV Arrays under Different Converter Configurations. – Renewable Energy, 2014, vol. 68, pp. 58–66, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.025.
4. Mesquita D.B., et al. A Review and Analysis of Technologies Applied in PV Modules. – 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT Latin America), 2019, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2019.8895369.
5. Sarah K.E., Roland U., Ephraim N.C. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. – International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2020, vol. 9, pp. 741–749, DOI: 10.17577/IJERTV9IS070244.
6. Tarabsheh A.A., Akmal M, Ghazal M. Improving the Efficiency of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules without Bypass Diodes. – Electronics, 2021, vol. 10, 1046, DOI: 10.3390/electronics10091046.
7. Pannebakker B.B., de Waal A.C., van Sark W. Photovoltaics in the Shade: One Bypass Diode per Solar Cell Revisited. – Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2017, vol. 25, pp. 836–849, DOI: 10.1002/pip.2898.
8. Hanifi H., et al. A Novel Electrical Approach to Protect PV Modules under Various Partial Shading Situations. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 193, pp. 814–819, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.035.
9. Boghdady T.A., et al. Comparative Study of Optimal PV Array Configurations and MPPT under Partial Shading with Fast Dynamical Change of Hybrid Load. – Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, 2937, DOI: 10.3390/su14052937.
10. Akrami M., Pourhossein K. A Novel Reconfiguration Procedure to Extract Maximum Power from Partially-shaded Photovoltaic Arrays. – Solar Energy, 2018, vol. 173, pp. 110–119, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.067.
11. Tubniyom C., et al. Minimization of Losses in Solar Photovoltaic Modules by Reconfiguration under Various Patterns of Partial Shading. – Energies, 2018, vol. 12(24), DOI: 10.3390/en12010024.
12. Calcabrini A., et al. Simulation Study of the Electrical Yield of Various PV Module Topologies in Partially Shaded Urban Scenarios. – Solar Energy, 2021, vol. 225, pр. 726–733, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.061.
13. Sinapis K., et al. A Comprehensive Study on Partial Shading Response of c-Si Modules and Yield Modeling of String Inverter and Module Level Power Electronics. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 135, pр. 731–741, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.050.
14. Постановление Правительства РФ от 02.03.2021 № 299 "О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации в части определения особенностей правового регулирования отношений по функционированию объектов микрогенерации" [Электрон. ресурс], URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202103060015 (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
15. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Kryuchkova M. Simulation of Electrical Characteristics of a Solar Panel. – IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 132 (1), 012017, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/132/1/012017.
16. Раушенбах Г. Справочник по проектированию солнечных батарей. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1983, 360 с.
17. Bishop J.W. Computer Simulation of the Effects of Electrical Mismatches in Photovoltaic Cell Interconnection Circuits. – Solar Cells, 1988, vol. 25, pp. 73–89, DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(88)90059-2.
18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.nrel.gov/ (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
19. SunPower [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://us.sunpower.com/(дата обращения 04.07.2022).
20. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Klimova G.N. A New Method for Determining Parameters of Photovoltaic Module Based on the Data from Technical Specification. – Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2022, vol. 19, pp. 55–64, DOI: 10.31489/2022No1/55-64.
21. Baka M., et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Reconfigurable PV Modules under Shading. – Solar Energy, 2019, vol. 178, pp. 69–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.063.
22. Obukhov S., et al. Optimal Performance of Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization Based Maximum Power Trackers for Stand-Alone PV System under Partial Shading Conditions. – IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 1, pp. 20770–20785, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966430. SJR 0.587.
23. Calcabrini A., et al. A Fully Reconfigurable Series-Parallel Photovoltaic Module for Higher Energy Yields in Urban Environments. – Renewable Energy, 2021, vol. 179, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.010
#
1. Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. – Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2022, 312 p. [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf (Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
2. Alves T.N., et al. Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14 (13), 3863, DOI: 10.3390/en14133863.
3. Zheng H., et al. Shading and Bypass Diode Impacts to Energy Extraction of PV Arrays under Different Converter Configurations. – Renewable Energy, 2014, vol. 68, pp. 58–66, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.025.
4. Mesquita D.B., et al. A Review and Analysis of Technologies Applied in PV Modules. – 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT Latin America), 2019, DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-LA.2019.8895369.
5. Sarah K.E., Roland U., Ephraim N.C. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. – International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2020, vol. 9, pp. 741–749, DOI: 10.17577/IJERTV9IS070244.
6. Tarabsheh A.A., Akmal M, Ghazal M. Improving the Efficiency of Partially Shaded Photovoltaic Modules without Bypass Diodes. – Electronics, 2021, vol. 10, 1046, DOI: 10.3390/electronics10091046.
7. Pannebakker B.B., de Waal A.C., van Sark W. Photovoltaics in the Shade: One Bypass Diode per Solar Cell Revisited. – Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2017, vol. 25, pp. 836–849, DOI: 10.1002/pip.2898.
8. Hanifi H., et al. A Novel Electrical Approach to Protect PV Modules under Various Partial Shading Situations. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 193, pp. 814–819, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.035.
9. Boghdady T.A., et al. Comparative Study of Optimal PV Array Configurations and MPPT under Partial Shading with Fast Dynamical Change of Hybrid Load. – Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, 2937, DOI: 10.3390/su14052937.
10. Akrami M., Pourhossein K. A Novel Reconfiguration Procedure to Extract Maximum Power from Partially-shaded Photovoltaic Arrays. – Solar Energy, 2018, vol. 173, pp. 110–119, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.067.
11. Tubniyom C, et al. Minimization of Losses in Solar Photovoltaic Modules by Reconfiguration under Various Patterns of Partial Shading. – Energies, 2018, vol. 12(24), DOI: 10.3390/en12010024.
12. Calcabrini A., et al. Simulation Study of the Electrical Yield of Various PV Module Topologies in Partially Shaded Urban Scenarios. – Solar Energy, 2021, vol. 225, pр. 726–733, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.061.
13. Sinapis K., et al. A Comprehensive Study on Partial Shading Response of c-Si Modules and Yield Modeling of String Inverter and Module Level Power Electronics. – Solar Energy, 2016, vol. 135, pр. 731–741, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.050.
14. Postanovlenie Pravitel'stva RF ot 02.03.2021 № 299 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 299 dated 02.03.2021) [Electron. resource], URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202103060015 (Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
15. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Kryuchkova M. Simulation of Electrical Characteristics of a Solar Panel. – IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, vol. 132 (1), 012017, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/132/1/012017.
16. Raushenbah G. Spravochnik po proektirovaniyu solnechnyh batarey (Guide to the Design of Solar Panels). М.: Energoatomizdat, 1983, 360 p.
17. Bishop J.W. Computer Simulation of the Effects of Electrical Mismatches in Photovoltaic Cell Interconnection Circuits. – Solar Cells, 1988, vol. 25, pp. 73–89, DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(88)90059-2.
18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.nrel.gov/ (дата обращения 04.07.2022).
19. SunPower [Electron. resource], URL: https://us.sunpower.com/( Date of appeal 04.07.2022).
20. Obukhov S.G., Plotnikov I.A., Klimova G.N. A New Method for Determining Parameters of Photovoltaic Module Based on the Data from Technical Specification. – Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2022, vol. 19, pp. 55–64, DOI: 10.31489/2022No1/55-64.
21. Baka M., et al. A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Reconfigurable PV Modules under Shading. – Solar Energy, 2019, vol. 178, pp. 69–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.11.063.
22. Obukhov S., et al. Optimal Performance of Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization Based Maximum Power Trackers for Stand-Alone PV System under Partial Shading Conditions. – IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 1, pp. 20770–20785, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966430. SJR 0.587.
23. Calcabrini A., et al. A Fully Reconfigurable Series-Parallel Photovoltaic Module for Higher Energy Yields in Urban Environments. – Renewable Energy, 2021, vol. 179, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.010
