Инициация молнии как следствие естественной эволюции грозового облака. Ч. 1. Роль отлипания в снижении критической разрядной напряженности воздуха
Ключевые слова:
инициация молнии, разрядная напряжённость воздуха, отлипание электронов от отрицательных ионов, молниезащита
Аннотация
Прямые измерения показывают, что максимальные значения измеренных в грозовом облаке электрических полей примерно на порядок ниже разрядной напряжённости (порога ионизации) воздуха. На первый взгляд это означает невозможность формирования электронных лавин и, как следствие, разряда молнии. Данное обстоятельство ставит вопрос о физическом механизме зарождения молнии в один ряд с самыми удивительными загадками природы. За более чем полувековой период исследований для решения данной проблемы было предложено несколько механизмов, среди которых можно выделить два основных направления. Первая группа подходов делает акцент на возможности инициации стримера или системы стримеров с поверхности одного или нескольких гидрометеоров, в то время как вторая трактует зарождение молнии как следствие развития разряда на убегающих электронах, появляющихся в результате взаимодействия высокоэнергичных космических лучей с атмосферой. Существуют также гибридные сценарии, сочетающие в себе обе идеи. Однако в силу тех или иных ограничений ни один из предложенных подходов не был признан окончательным решением проблемы. В работе описан принципиально новый механизм инициации молнии, последовательно развивающийся на нескольких пространственно-временных масштабах. Предложенный сценарий показывает, как серия коронных разрядов, возникающих при столкновениях гидрометеоров, обеспечивает засев облака дециметровыми областями повышенной ионной проводимости, электрическое поле на полюсах которых усиливается до уровня, необходимого для появления положительных стримеров. На следующем этапе множественные стримерные разряды, ориентируемые направлением крупномасштабного электрического поля, объединяются в единую плазменную сеть, в рамках которой формируется горячий лидерный канал. Обсуждаемый механизм эффективно утилизирует возникающие в грозовом облаке мелко- и мезомасштабные флуктуации электрического поля и может быть реализован, если пространственно-временная частота коронирования гидрометеоров и разность потенциалов между границами зоны сильного внутриоблачного поля превышают 0,1 м–3с–1 и 3 МВ соответственно. В отличие от альтернативных подходов предлагаемый сценарий инициации молнии может быть реализован в условиях типичного грозового облака без привлечения каких-либо внешних вспомогательных факторов. Результаты исследования представлены в трёх частях. В данной статье приводится вводная часть, задающая общий контекст повествования и определяющая цели работы, и описывается роль отлипания электронов от отрицательных ионов в понижении разрядной напряжённости воздуха. Сформулированный авторами сценарий инициации молнии, опирающийся на описанные в данной статье результаты, будет приведён в двух последующих публикациях.
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