Инициация молнии как следствие естественной эволюции грозового облака. Ч. 2. Достримерный этап
Ключевые слова:
инициация молнии, гидрометеоры, коронные разряды, отрицательные ионы, области повышенной ионной проводимости, стримеры, теория перколяции
Аннотация
В статье рассмотрена вторая часть авторского сценария инициации молнии, являющаяся продолжением работы [1]. В первой части было показано, что учёт процесса отлипания электронов от отрицательных ионов понижает разрядную напряжённость воздуха на 15–30 %. Это частично упрощает, но не решает проблему инициации молнии в грозовом облаке, максимальные напряжённости электрического поля в котором примерно на порядок ниже электрической прочности воздуха. Данная работа посвящена достримерному этапу сценария зарождения молниевого разряда. В ней описано, как серия коронных разрядов, возникающих при столкновениях (сближениях) гидрометеоров, обеспечивает засев облака дециметровыми областями повышенной ионной проводимости, напряжённость электрического поля на полюсах которых усиливается до уровня, необходимого для появления положительных стримеров. Показано, что для перехода от миллиметровых коронных разрядов к дециметровым–метровым стримерам требуется пространственно-временная частота коронирования гидрометеоров, превышающая значение 0,1 м–3с–1, которое вполне может быть достигнуто в типичном грозовом облаке. Финальный этап, на котором ориентируемые направлением крупномасштабного электрического поля стримеры объединяются в единую плазменную сеть, внутри которой формируется горячий лидерный канал, будет описан в следующей, заключительной, части исследования.
Литература
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3. Iudin D.I., et al. Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition in Two-Component Environment. – Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2020, vol. 388 (5), DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2020.113268.
4. Malan D.J. Physics of Lightning. London: The English Universities Press, 1963, 176 p.
5. Macky W.A. Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields. – Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1931, series A 133 (822), pp. 565–587, DOI:10.1098/rspa.1931.0168.
6. Isichenko M.B. Percolation, Statistical Topography, and Transport in Random Media. – Reviews of Modern Physics, 1992, vol. 64(4), pp. 961–1043, DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.64.961.
7. Кляцкин В.И. Статистическое описание диффузии пассивной примеси в случайном поле скоростей. – Успехи физических наук, 1994, т. 164, № 5, с. 531–544.
8. Кляцкин В.И. Кластеризация и диффузия частиц и плотности пассивной примеси в случайных гидродинамических потоках. – Успехи физических наук, 2003, т. 173, № 7, с. 689–710.
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11. Sartor J.D., Atkinson W.R. Charge Transfer between Raindrops. – Science, 1967, vol. 157(3794), pp. 37–52.
12. Dutton J. A Survey of Electron Swarm Data. – Journal Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1975, vol. 4(3), pp. 577–856, DOI: 10.1063/1.555525.
13. Iudin D.I., et al. Formation of Decimeter-Scale, Long-Lived Elevated Ionic Conductivity Regions in Thunderclouds. – NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Sciense, 2019, vol. 2(1), DOI:10.1038/s41612-019-0102-8.
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15. Flannery M.R. Electron-Ion and Ion-Ion Recombination Processes. – Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1994, vol. 32, pp. 117–147.
16. Синькевич А.А., Довгалюк Ю.А. Коронный разряд в облаках. – Известия вузов. Радиофизика, 2013, т. 56, № 11, с. 908–919.
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20. Torquato S., Jiao Y. Effect of Dimensionality on the Continuum Percolation of Overlapping Hyperspheres and Hypercubes. ii. Simulation results and analyses. – Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012, vol. 137(7), 074106, DOI:10.1063/1.4742750.
21. Gardiner B., et al. Measurements of Initial Potential Gradient and Particle Charges in a Montana Summer Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, vol. 90(D4), pp. 6079–6086, DOI:10.1029/JD090iD04p06079.
22. Ziegler C.L., et al. A Model Evaluation of Noninductive Graupel-Ice Charging in the Early Electrification of Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1991, vol. 96(D7), pp. 12833–12855.
23. Ziegler C.L., MacGorman D.R. Observed Lightning Morphology Relative to Modeled Space Charge and Electric Field Distributions in a Tornadic Storm. – Journal of Atmosphere Science, 1994, vol. 51, pp. 833–851, DOI:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051 <0833:OLMRTM>2.0.CO;2.
24. Dye J.E., et al. Observations within Two Regions of Charge during Initial Thunderstorm Electrification. – Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1988, vol. 114(483), pp. 1271–1290, DOI:10.1002/qj.49711448306.
25. Kossyi I.A., et al. Kinetic Scheme of the Non-Equilibrium Discharge in Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixtures. – Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 1992, vol. 1(3), pp. 207–220, DOI:10.1088/0963-0252/1/3/011.
26. Райзер Ю.П. Физика газового разряда. Долгопрудный: Издательский Дом «Интеллект», 2009, 736 с.
27. Филиппов А.В. и др. Ионный состав плазмы влажного воздуха под действием ионизирующего излучения. – Журнал экспериментальной и теоретической физики, 2017, т. 152, № 2, с. 293–314.
28. Chiu C.S. Numerical Study of Cloud Electrification in an Axisymmetric, Timedependent Cloud Model. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1978, vol. 83(C10), pp. 5025–5049.
29. Bateman M.G., et al. Precipitation Charge and Size Measurements Inside a New Mexico Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, vol. 104, pp. 9643–9653.
30. Syssoev A.A., et al. Relay Charge Transport in Thunderclouds and Its Role in Lightning Initiation. – Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12(1), 7090, DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-10722-x.
31. Liu N., et al. Formation of Streamer Discharges from an Isolated Ionization Column at Subbreakdown Conditions. – Physical Review Letters, 2012, vol. 109(2), 025002, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002.
32. Sadighi S., et al. Streamer Formation and Branching from Model Hydrometeors in Subbreakdown Conditions Inside Thunderclouds. – Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, vol. 120(9), pp. 3660–3678, DOI:10.1002/2014JD022724
#
1. Iudin D.I., Syssoev A.A., Rakov V.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 11, pp. 13–28.
2. Iudin D.I. Izvestiya vuzov. Radiofizika – in Russ. (News of Universities. Radiophysics), 2017, vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 418–441.
3. Iudin D.I., et al. Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition in Two-Component Environment. – Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2020, vol. 388 (5), DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2020.113268.
4. Malan D.J. Physics of Lightning. London: The English Universities Press, 1963, 176 p.
5. Macky W.A. Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields. – Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1931, series A 133 (822), pp. 565–587, DOI:10.1098/rspa.1931.0168.
6. Isichenko M.B. Percolation, Statistical Topography, and Transport in Random Media. – Reviews of Modern Physics, 1992,
vol. 64(4), pp. 961–1043, DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.64.961.
7. Klyatskin V.I. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 1994, vol. 164, No. 5, pp. 531–544.
8. Klyatskin V.I. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 2003, vol. 173, No. 7, pp. 689–710.
9. Bershadskiy A.G. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 1990, vol. 160, No. 12, pp. 189–194.
10. Landau L.D., Lifshits Е.М. Teoreticheskaya fizika. Elektrodinamika sploshnyh sred (Theoretical Physics. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media). М.: Nauka, 1982, 621 p.
11. Sartor J.D., Atkinson W.R. Charge Transfer between Raindrops. – Science, 1967, vol. 157(3794), pp. 37–52.
12. Dutton J. A Survey of Electron Swarm Data. – Journal Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1975, vol. 4(3), pp. 577–856, DOI:10.1063/1.555525.
13. Iudin D.I., et al. Formation of Decimeter-Scale, Long-Lived Elevated Ionic Conductivity Regions in Thunderclouds. – NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Sciense, 2019, vol. 2(1), DOI:10.1038/s41612-019-0102-8.
14. Rakov V.A., Uman M.A. Lightning: Physics and Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 687 p.
15. Flannery M.R. Electron-Ion and Ion-Ion Recombination Processes. – Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1994, vol. 32, pp. 117–147.
16. Sin'kevich A.A., Dovgalyuk Yu.А. Izvestiya vuzov. Radiofizika – in Russ. (News of Universities. Radiophysics), 2013, vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 908–919.
17. Shishkin N.S. Oblaka, osadki i grozovoe elektrichestvo (Clouds, Precipitation and Thunderstorm Electricity). L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1964, 401 p.
18. Shraiman B.I., Siggia E.D. Scalar turbulence. – Nature, 2000, vol. 405, pp. 639–646.
19. Saberi A.A. Recent Advances in Percolation Theory and its Applications. – Physics Reports, 2015, vol. 578, DOI:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.03.003.
20. Torquato S., Jiao Y. Effect of Dimensionality on the Continuum Percolation of Overlapping Hyperspheres and Hypercubes. ii. Simulation results and analyses. – Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012, vol. 137(7), 074106, DOI:10.1063/1.4742750.
21. Gardiner B., et al. Measurements of Initial Potential Gradient and Particle Charges in a Montana Summer Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, vol. 90(D4), pp. 6079–6086, DOI:10.1029/JD090iD04p06079.
22. Ziegler C.L., et al. A Model Evaluation of Noninductive Graupel-Ice Charging in the Early Electrification of Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1991, vol. 96(D7), pp. 12833–12855.
23. Ziegler C.L., MacGorman D.R. Observed Lightning Morphology Relative to Modeled Space Charge and Electric Field Distributions in a Tornadic Storm. – Journal of Atmosphere Science, 1994, vol. 51, pp. 833–851, DOI:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0833: OLMRTM>2.0.CO;2.
24. Dye J.E., et al. Observations within Two Regions of Charge during Initial Thunderstorm Electrification. – Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1988, vol. 114(483), pp. 1271–1290, DOI:10.1002/qj.49711448306.
25. Kossyi I.A., et al. Kinetic Scheme of the Non-Equilibrium Discharge in Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixtures. – Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 1992, vol. 1(3), pp. 207–220, DOI:10.1088/0963-0252/1/3/011.
26. Rayzer Yu.P. Fizika gazovogo razryada (Physics of the Gas Discharge). Dolgoprudnyy: Izdatel'skiy Dom «Intellekt», 2009, 736 p.
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28. Chiu C.S. Numerical Study of Cloud Electrification in an Axisymmetric, Timedependent Cloud Model. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1978, vol. 83(C10), pp. 5025–5049.
29. Bateman M.G., et al. Precipitation Charge and Size Measurements Inside a New Mexico Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, vol. 104, pp. 9643–9653.
30. Syssoev A.A., et al. Relay Charge Transport in Thunderclouds and Its Role in Lightning Initiation. – Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12(1), 7090, DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-10722-x.
31. Liu N., et al. Formation of Streamer Discharges from an Isolated Ionization Column at Subbreakdown Conditions. – Physical Review Letters, 2012, vol. 109(2), 025002, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002.
32. Sadighi S., et al. Streamer Formation and Branching from Model Hydrometeors in Subbreakdown Conditions Inside Thunderclouds. – Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, vol. 120(9), pp. 3660–3678, DOI:10.1002/2014JD022724
2. Иудин Д.И. Зарождение молниевого разряда как индуцированный шумом кинетический переход. – Известия вузов. Радиофизика, 2017, т. 60, № 5, c. 418–441.
3. Iudin D.I., et al. Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition in Two-Component Environment. – Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2020, vol. 388 (5), DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2020.113268.
4. Malan D.J. Physics of Lightning. London: The English Universities Press, 1963, 176 p.
5. Macky W.A. Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields. – Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1931, series A 133 (822), pp. 565–587, DOI:10.1098/rspa.1931.0168.
6. Isichenko M.B. Percolation, Statistical Topography, and Transport in Random Media. – Reviews of Modern Physics, 1992, vol. 64(4), pp. 961–1043, DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.64.961.
7. Кляцкин В.И. Статистическое описание диффузии пассивной примеси в случайном поле скоростей. – Успехи физических наук, 1994, т. 164, № 5, с. 531–544.
8. Кляцкин В.И. Кластеризация и диффузия частиц и плотности пассивной примеси в случайных гидродинамических потоках. – Успехи физических наук, 2003, т. 173, № 7, с. 689–710.
9. Бершадский А.Г. Крупномасштабные фрактальные структуры в лабораторной турбулентности, океане и астрофизике. – Успехи физических наук, 1990, т. 160, № 12, с. 189–194.
10. Ландау Л.Д., Лифшиц Е.М. Теоретическая физика. Электродинамика сплошных сред. М.: Наука, 1982, 621 с.
11. Sartor J.D., Atkinson W.R. Charge Transfer between Raindrops. – Science, 1967, vol. 157(3794), pp. 37–52.
12. Dutton J. A Survey of Electron Swarm Data. – Journal Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1975, vol. 4(3), pp. 577–856, DOI: 10.1063/1.555525.
13. Iudin D.I., et al. Formation of Decimeter-Scale, Long-Lived Elevated Ionic Conductivity Regions in Thunderclouds. – NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Sciense, 2019, vol. 2(1), DOI:10.1038/s41612-019-0102-8.
14. Rakov V.A., Uman M.A. Lightning: Physics and Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 687 p.
15. Flannery M.R. Electron-Ion and Ion-Ion Recombination Processes. – Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1994, vol. 32, pp. 117–147.
16. Синькевич А.А., Довгалюк Ю.А. Коронный разряд в облаках. – Известия вузов. Радиофизика, 2013, т. 56, № 11, с. 908–919.
17. Шишкин Н.С. Облака, осадки и грозовое электричество. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1964, 401 с.
18. Shraiman B.I., Siggia E.D. Scalar turbulence. – Nature, 2000, vol. 405, pp. 639–646.
19. Saberi A.A. Recent Advances in Percolation Theory and its Applications. – Physics Reports, 2015, vol. 578, DOI:10.1016/j.physrep. 2015.03.003.
20. Torquato S., Jiao Y. Effect of Dimensionality on the Continuum Percolation of Overlapping Hyperspheres and Hypercubes. ii. Simulation results and analyses. – Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012, vol. 137(7), 074106, DOI:10.1063/1.4742750.
21. Gardiner B., et al. Measurements of Initial Potential Gradient and Particle Charges in a Montana Summer Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, vol. 90(D4), pp. 6079–6086, DOI:10.1029/JD090iD04p06079.
22. Ziegler C.L., et al. A Model Evaluation of Noninductive Graupel-Ice Charging in the Early Electrification of Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1991, vol. 96(D7), pp. 12833–12855.
23. Ziegler C.L., MacGorman D.R. Observed Lightning Morphology Relative to Modeled Space Charge and Electric Field Distributions in a Tornadic Storm. – Journal of Atmosphere Science, 1994, vol. 51, pp. 833–851, DOI:10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051 <0833:OLMRTM>2.0.CO;2.
24. Dye J.E., et al. Observations within Two Regions of Charge during Initial Thunderstorm Electrification. – Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1988, vol. 114(483), pp. 1271–1290, DOI:10.1002/qj.49711448306.
25. Kossyi I.A., et al. Kinetic Scheme of the Non-Equilibrium Discharge in Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixtures. – Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 1992, vol. 1(3), pp. 207–220, DOI:10.1088/0963-0252/1/3/011.
26. Райзер Ю.П. Физика газового разряда. Долгопрудный: Издательский Дом «Интеллект», 2009, 736 с.
27. Филиппов А.В. и др. Ионный состав плазмы влажного воздуха под действием ионизирующего излучения. – Журнал экспериментальной и теоретической физики, 2017, т. 152, № 2, с. 293–314.
28. Chiu C.S. Numerical Study of Cloud Electrification in an Axisymmetric, Timedependent Cloud Model. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1978, vol. 83(C10), pp. 5025–5049.
29. Bateman M.G., et al. Precipitation Charge and Size Measurements Inside a New Mexico Mountain Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1999, vol. 104, pp. 9643–9653.
30. Syssoev A.A., et al. Relay Charge Transport in Thunderclouds and Its Role in Lightning Initiation. – Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12(1), 7090, DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-10722-x.
31. Liu N., et al. Formation of Streamer Discharges from an Isolated Ionization Column at Subbreakdown Conditions. – Physical Review Letters, 2012, vol. 109(2), 025002, DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.025002.
32. Sadighi S., et al. Streamer Formation and Branching from Model Hydrometeors in Subbreakdown Conditions Inside Thunderclouds. – Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, vol. 120(9), pp. 3660–3678, DOI:10.1002/2014JD022724
#
1. Iudin D.I., Syssoev A.A., Rakov V.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 11, pp. 13–28.
2. Iudin D.I. Izvestiya vuzov. Radiofizika – in Russ. (News of Universities. Radiophysics), 2017, vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 418–441.
3. Iudin D.I., et al. Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition in Two-Component Environment. – Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 2020, vol. 388 (5), DOI:10.1016/j.cam.2020.113268.
4. Malan D.J. Physics of Lightning. London: The English Universities Press, 1963, 176 p.
5. Macky W.A. Some Investigations on the Deformation and Breaking of Water Drops in Strong Electric Fields. – Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1931, series A 133 (822), pp. 565–587, DOI:10.1098/rspa.1931.0168.
6. Isichenko M.B. Percolation, Statistical Topography, and Transport in Random Media. – Reviews of Modern Physics, 1992,
vol. 64(4), pp. 961–1043, DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.64.961.
7. Klyatskin V.I. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 1994, vol. 164, No. 5, pp. 531–544.
8. Klyatskin V.I. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 2003, vol. 173, No. 7, pp. 689–710.
9. Bershadskiy A.G. Uspekhi fizicheskih nauk – in Russ. (Successes of Physical Sciences), 1990, vol. 160, No. 12, pp. 189–194.
10. Landau L.D., Lifshits Е.М. Teoreticheskaya fizika. Elektrodinamika sploshnyh sred (Theoretical Physics. Electrodynamics of Continuous Media). М.: Nauka, 1982, 621 p.
11. Sartor J.D., Atkinson W.R. Charge Transfer between Raindrops. – Science, 1967, vol. 157(3794), pp. 37–52.
12. Dutton J. A Survey of Electron Swarm Data. – Journal Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 1975, vol. 4(3), pp. 577–856, DOI:10.1063/1.555525.
13. Iudin D.I., et al. Formation of Decimeter-Scale, Long-Lived Elevated Ionic Conductivity Regions in Thunderclouds. – NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Sciense, 2019, vol. 2(1), DOI:10.1038/s41612-019-0102-8.
14. Rakov V.A., Uman M.A. Lightning: Physics and Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 687 p.
15. Flannery M.R. Electron-Ion and Ion-Ion Recombination Processes. – Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 1994, vol. 32, pp. 117–147.
16. Sin'kevich A.A., Dovgalyuk Yu.А. Izvestiya vuzov. Radiofizika – in Russ. (News of Universities. Radiophysics), 2013, vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 908–919.
17. Shishkin N.S. Oblaka, osadki i grozovoe elektrichestvo (Clouds, Precipitation and Thunderstorm Electricity). L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1964, 401 p.
18. Shraiman B.I., Siggia E.D. Scalar turbulence. – Nature, 2000, vol. 405, pp. 639–646.
19. Saberi A.A. Recent Advances in Percolation Theory and its Applications. – Physics Reports, 2015, vol. 578, DOI:10.1016/j.physrep.2015.03.003.
20. Torquato S., Jiao Y. Effect of Dimensionality on the Continuum Percolation of Overlapping Hyperspheres and Hypercubes. ii. Simulation results and analyses. – Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012, vol. 137(7), 074106, DOI:10.1063/1.4742750.
21. Gardiner B., et al. Measurements of Initial Potential Gradient and Particle Charges in a Montana Summer Thunderstorm. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 1985, vol. 90(D4), pp. 6079–6086, DOI:10.1029/JD090iD04p06079.
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