Разработка сверхпроводящего провода для центрального соленоида токамака с реакторными технологиями (ТРТ)
Аннотация
В статье представлены результаты предварительной разработки сверхпроводящего провода на основе конструкции типа VS и параллельных пакетов лент для центрального соленоида компактного термоядерного реактора TРT. Одной из основных проблем, которые необходимо решить для успешной реализации таких проектов, является создание сильноточных высокотемпературных сверхпроводящих (ВТСП) проводников для тороидальных катушек возбуждения и секций центрального соленоида. Компактность магнитной системы требует создания проводника с высокой инженерной плотностью тока до 90 А/мм2. При этом рабочий ток в обмотках должен быть на уровне 60 кА при 15 К в магнитном поле 15 Тл. В центральном соленоиде провод подвергается значительным механическим нагрузкам, вызванным силами Лоренца. Значительная запасенная энергия в магните требует наличия в проводнике элементов, обеспечивающих аварийный вывод энергии при приемлемом напряжении и нагреве обмотки, которые не приводят к повреждению ее элементов. В конструкции проводника должно быть достаточно места для размещения стабилизирующих и упрочняющих материалов, а также для каналов охлаждения. Рассмотрены два конструктивных варианта проводника типа VS на основе радиально расположенных ВТСП-лент второго поколения и на основе параллельных пакетов. Проведен анализ расчетных характеристик предлагаемых проводников при различных режимах работы электромагнитной системы токамака ТРТ. Представлены результаты расчетов методом конечных элементов распределения магнитного поля в проводнике, его токоведущей способности и оценки потерь энергии в изменяющемся магнитном поле.
Литература
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#
1. Menard J.E. Compact Steady-State Tokamak Performance Dependence on Magnet and Core Physics Limits. – Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 2019, A 377: 20170440, DOI:10.1098/rsta.2017.0440.
2. Creely A.J. et al. Overview of the SPARC Tokamak. – Journal of Plasma Physics, 2020, vol. 86, 865860502, DOI:10.1017/S0022377820001257.
3. Krasil'nikov A.V. et al. Fizika plazmy – in Russ. (Plasma Physics), 2021, vol. 47, No. 11, pp. 970–985.
4. Bondarchuk E.N. et al. Fizika plazmy – in Russ. (Plasma Physics), 2021, vol. 47, No. 12, pp. 1070–1086.
5. Molodyk A. et al. Development and Large Volume Production of Extremely High Current Density YBa2Cu3O7 Superconducting Wires for Fusion. – Scientific Reports, 2021, vol. 11(1), DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-81559-z.
6. VTSP-provod vtorogo pokoleniya (HTSP-Second Generation Wire) [Electron. resource], URL: www.s-innovations.ru (Date of appeal 10.10.2022).
7. Sytnikov V.E. et al. Advanced Variants of HTSC Wires for ТRТ Electromagnetic System. – Plasma Physics Reports, 2021, vol. 47(12), pp. 1204–1219, DOI:10.1134/S1063780X21110246.
8. Kim M. et al. Filamentization of YBCO Coated Conductors by Microcontact Printing. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2013, vol. 23, No. 3, 6601304, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2012.2236811.
9. Bruzzone P. et al. High Temperature Superconductors for Fusion Magnets. – Nuclear Fusion, 2018, vol. 58, No. 10, DOI:10.1088/1741-4326/aad835.
10. Ten Kate H. Super-Conductors for Successful Magnets. – IEEE/CSC & ESAS Superconductivity News Forum, 2019, Plenary Presentation at MT26, Vancouver, Canada.
11. Terazaki Y. et al. Measurement and Analysis of Critical Current of 100-kA Class Simply-Stacked HTS Conductors. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol. 25, No. 3, 4602905.
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13. Wolf M.J. et al. HTS CroCo a Stacked HTS Conductor Optimized for High Currents and Long Length Production. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 2, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2016.2521323.
14. Takayasu M. et al. HTS Twisted Stacked-Tape Cable Conductor. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2012, vol. 25(1), DOI:10.1088/0953-2048/25/1/014011.
15. Uglietti D. Test of 60 kA Coated Conductor Cable Prototypes for Fusion Magnets. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2015, vol. 28(12), DOI:10.1088/0953-2048/28/12/124005.
16. Hartwig Z. et al. VIPER: an Industrially Scalable High-Current High-Temperature Superconductor Cable. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2020, 33(11), 11LT01, DOI:10.1088/1361-6668/abb8c0.
17. Van der Laan D.C., Weiss J.D., McRae D.M. Status of CORC Cables and Wires for Use in High-field Magnets and Power Systems a Decade after Their Introduction. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2019, vol. 32(3), 033001, DOI:10.1088/1361-6668/aafc82.
18. Weiss J. et al. Introduction of CORC® Wires: Highly flexible, Round High-Temperature Superconducting Wires for Magnet and Power Transmission Applications. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, vol. 30(1), DOI:10.1088/0953-2048/30/1/014002.
19. Mulder T. et al. Recent Progress in the Development of CORC Cable-In-Conduit Conductors. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2020.2968251.
20. Sytnikov V.E. et al. Influence of the Multilayer HTC-Cable Conductor Design on the Current Distribution. – Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications, 1998, 310, pp. 387–391, DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4534(98)00497-3.
21. Fetisov S.S. et al. Compact 2G HTS Power Cable: New Cold Tests Results. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1559, No.1, p. 012081, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/1559/1/012081.
22. Goldacker W. et al. High Current DyBCO-ROEBEL Assembled Coated Conductor (RACC). – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2006, 43(1), DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/220.
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26. TCS Machinery & Service SRL [Electron. resource], URL: www.tcsmachinery.com (Date of appeal 10.10.2022).
27. Mawatari Y. Alternating Current Loss in Radially Arranged Superconducting Strips. – Applied Physics Letters, 2006, vol. 88, 092503, DOI: 10.1063/1.2180875.
28. Zubko V., Zanegin S., Fetisov S. Models for optimization and AC Losses Analysis in a 2G HTS Cable. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, vol. 2043, No 1, DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/2043/1/ 012004.
29. Zanegin S.Yu. et al. Experimental and Numerical Study of AC Losses in HTS Coils of AC Electric Machines. – Russian Electrical Engineering, 2022, vol. 93, No 6, p. 424–429, DOI:10.3103/S1068371222060104.
30. Brandt E. Superconductors of Finite Thickness in a Perpendicular Magnetic Field: Strips and Slabs. – Physical Review B, 1996, vol. 54, pp. 4246-4264, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.4246.
31. Norris W. Calculation of Hysteresis Losses in Hard Superconductors Carrying AC: Isolated Conductors and Edges of Thin Sheets. – Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2002, vol. 3(4), DOI:10.1088/0022-3727/3/4/308.
32. Lelekhov S.A., Sytnikov V.E. Conductor Design for Toroidal Field Coils of a High Magnetic Field Tokamak TRT. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 6, 4201805.
33. Lelekhov S. The Usage Experience of High Current Conductor with Parallel SC Wires for Magnets. –ASC14, ID 1951493, 3LPo2J-01, Charlotte, 2014, p. 181.
34. Lelekhov S.A. Analysis of a Possibility to Use Parallel Non-Twisted Stacks of HTS Tapes as Cable in High Current Conductor of Tokamak Toroidal Field Coils. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol.31, No 5, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2021.3069322.
35. Uglietti D. et al. Non-Twisted Stacks of Coated Conductors for Magnets: Analysis of Inductance and AC Losses. – Cryogenics, 2020, vol. 110, DOI:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103118
