Инициация молнии как следствие естественной эволюции грозового облака. Ч. 3. Стримеры и стримерно-лидерный переход
Аннотация
Это – заключительная часть исследования, посвященного описанию авторского сценария инициации молнии в грозовом облаке, первые две части которого представлены в работах [1, 2]. В первой части показано, что учет процесса отлипания электронов от отрицательных ионов понижает разрядную напряженность воздуха на 15–30 %. Это частично упрощает, но не решает проблему инициации молнии в грозовом облаке, максимальные напряжённости электрического поля в котором примерно на порядок ниже электрической прочности воздуха. Во второй части описан переход от миллиметровых коронных разрядов к дециметровым областям повышенной ионной проводимости, который становится возможным, если пространственно-временная частота коронных разрядов, возникающих из-за столкновений (сближений) гидрометеоров, превышает вполне умеренное значение 0,1 м–3с–1. В свою очередь, области повышенной ионной проводимости являются источниками положительных стримеров. В статье представлен финальный этап процесса зарождения молнии, на котором ориентируемые крупномасштабным электрическим полем стримеры объединяются в единую плазменную сеть, внутри которой формируется горячий лидерный канал. Показано, что для осуществления перехода от стримеров к «зародышу» лидера молнии необходимо наличие разности потенциалов между границами зоны сильного внутриоблачного поля, превышающей 3 МВ. В конце работы приведено общее заключение, подводящее итоги трилогии.
Литература
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