Дуговой реактор переменного тока для синтеза карбидов
Ключевые слова:
дуговой реактор, переменный ток, дуговой разряд, карбиды
Аннотация
В статье представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований конструкции атмосферного дугового реактора переменного тока для синтеза бескислородной керамики. Впервые разработанная конструкция дугового реактора и модернизируемая методика безвакуумного электродугового синтеза позволяют реализовать синтез неоксидной керамики в условиях горения дугового разряда переменного тока в открытой воздушной среде. Экспериментально доказано формирование автономной газовой среды на основе газов монооксида и диоксида углерода, которая препятствует окислению продуктов синтеза в ходе термического воздействия дуги переменного тока на шихту. Определены рабочие параметры дугового реактора с позиции синтеза карбидов металлов и неметаллов. В отличие от существующих безвакуумных дуговых реакторов постоянного тока созданный реактор характеризуется сниженным расходом электродов, более простой конструкцией силового разрядного контура и меньшей стоимостью. Апробация созданного дугового реактора и безвакуумной методики продемонстрирована на примере синтеза кристаллической фазы карбида кремния при воздействии дугового разряда переменного тока на смесь порошков кремния и углерода в открытой воздушной среде.
Литература
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2. William A.F. Metal Carbides. – Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1963, pp. 153–247.
3. Adachi G.Y., Imanaka N., Fuzhong Zh. Rare Earth Carbides: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V, 1991, vol. 15, pp. 61–189.
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11. Подгорный В.И. и др. Получение образцов карбидов в плазме дугового разряда. – Журнал технической физики, 2013, т. 83, № 7, с. 77–81.
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13. Аньшаков А.С. и др. Синтез нанопорошков карбида кремния в двухструйном плазмохимическом реакторе. – Теплофизика и аэромеханика, 2017, т. 24, № 3, с. 473.
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26. Li N. et al. Synthesis of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns by Arc-Discharge in Air and Their Formation Mechanism. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(5), pp. 1580–1585, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.055.
27. Pak A.Y. et al. Machine Learning-Driven Synthesis of TiZrNbHfTaC5 High-Entropy Carbide. – npj Computational Materials, 2023, vol. 9(1), DOI:10.1038/s41524-022-00955-9.
28. Zhao J. et al. Continuous and Low-Cost Synthesis of High-Quality Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Arc Discharge in Air. – Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2012, vol. 44(7-8), pp. 1639–1643, DOI:10.1016/j.physe.2012.04.010.
29. Тот Л. Карбиды и нитриды переходных металлов. М.: Мир, 1974, 294 с.
30. Churilov G.N. et al. Synthesis of Fullerenes in a High-Frequency Arc Plasma under Elevated Helium Pressure. – Carbon, 2013, vol. 62(23), pp. 389–392, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.022.
31. Levchenko I. et al. The Large-Scale Production of Graphene Flakes Using Magnetically-Enhanced Arc Discharge between Carbon Electrodes. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(15), pp. 4570–4574, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.07.055.
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33. Yeh Y.W., Raitses Y., Yao N. Structural Variations of the Cathode Deposit in the Carbon Arc. – Carbon, 2016, vol. 105, pp. 490–495, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.074.
34. Corbella C. et al. Tracking Nanoparticle Growth in Pulsed Carbon Arc Discharge. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, vol. 127(24), DOI:10.1063/5.0011283.
35. Ng J., Raitses Y. Self-Organisation Processes in the Carbon Arc for Nanosynthesis. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, vol. 117(6), DOI:10.1063/1.4906784.
36. Pak A. et al. Cubic SiC Nanowire Synthesis by DC Arc Discharge under Ambient Air Conditions. – Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, vol. 387, DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125554.
37 Zhou J. et al. Simple Synthesis of Ultrafine Amorphous Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles by Atmospheric Plasmas. – Materials Letters, 2021, vol. 299, DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130072.
#
1. Reed T.B. Arc Techniques Materials Research. – Materials Research Bulletin, 1967, vol. 2, pp. 349–367, DOI:10.1016/0025-5408(67)90018-9.
2. William A.F. Metal Carbides. – Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1963, pp. 153–247.
3. Adachi G.Y., Imanaka N., Fuzhong Zh. Rare Earth Carbides: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V, 1991, vol. 15, pp. 61–189.
4. Anders A. Unfiltered and Filtered Cathodic Arc. – Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings, 2010, vol. 10, pp. 466–531, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-8155-2031-3.00010-7.
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15. Lindfors P.A., Mularie W.M. Cathodic Arc Deposition Technology. – Surface and Coatings Technology, 1986, vol. 29, pp. 275–290, DOI:10.1016/0257-8972(86)90001-0.
16. Mandilas Ch. et al. Synthesis of Aluminium Nanoparticles by Arc Plasma Spray under Atmospheric Pressure. – Materials Science and Engineering B, 2013, vol. 178(1), pp. 22–30, DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2012.10.004.
17. Choi S.I. et al. High Purity Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Methane Decomposition Using an Arc-Jet Plasma. – Current Applied Physics, 2006, vol. 6(2), pp. 224–229, DOI:10.1016/j.cap.2005.07.045.
18. Tay B.K., Zhao Z.W., Chua D.H.C. Review of Metal Oxide Films Deposited by Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Technique. – Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports, 2006, vol. 52(1-3), DOI:10.1016/j.mser.2006.04.003.
19. Lu F.X. et al. A New Type of DC Arc Plasma Torch for Low Cost Large Area Diamond Deposition. – Diamond and Related Materials, 1998, vol. 7, pp. 737–741, DOI:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00180-5.
20. Su Y., Zhang Y. Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesized by Arc Discharge Hot Plasma. – Carbon, 2015, vol. 83, pp. 90–99, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.023.
21. Xing G., Jia S.-l., Shi Z.-q. The Production of Carbon Nano-Materials by Arc Discharge under Water or Liquid Nitrogen. – New Carbon Materials, 2007, vol. 22(4), pp. 337–341, DOI:10.1016/S1872-5805(08)60005-0.
22. Kim T.H., Seon H., Park D.W. Synthesis of CeO2 Nanocrys-talline Powders Using DC Non-Transferred Thermal Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure. – Advanced Powder Technology, 2016, vol. 27(5), pp. 2012–2018, DOI:10.1016/j.apt.2016.07.008.
23. Arora N., Sharma N.N. Arc Discharge Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes: Comprehensive Review. – Diamond and Related Materials, 2014, vol. 50, pp. 135–150, DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2014.10.001.
24. Zhao J. et al. Arc Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Low Pressure Air and Their Superior Field Emission Properties. – Carbon, 2013, vol. 58, pp. 92–98.
25. Su Y. et al. Low-Cost Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Low-Pressure Air Arc Discharge. – Materials Research Bulletin, 2014, vol. 50, pp. 23–25, DOI:10.1016/j.mater-resbull.2013.10.013.
26. Li N. et al. Synthesis of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns by Arc-Discharge in Air and Their Formation Mechanism. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(5), pp. 1580–1585, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.055.
27. Pak A.Y. et al. Machine Learning-Driven Synthesis of TiZrNbHfTaC5 High-Entropy Carbide. – npj Computational Materials, 2023, vol. 9(1), DOI:10.1038/s41524-022-00955-9.
28. Zhao J. et al. Continuous and Low-Cost Synthesis of High-Quality Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Arc Discharge in Air. – Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2012, vol. 44(7-8), pp. 1639–1643, DOI:10.1016/j.physe.2012.04.010.
29. Tot L. Karbidy i nitridy perekhodnyh metallov (Carbides and Nitrides of Transition Metals). М.: Mir, 1974, 294 p.
30. Churilov G.N. et al. Synthesis of Fullerenes in a High-Frequency Arc Plasma under Elevated Helium Pressure. – Car-bon, 2013, vol. 62(23), pp. 389–392, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.022.
31. Levchenko I. et al. The Large-Scale Production of Graphene Flakes Using Magnetically-Enhanced Arc Discharge between Carbon Electrodes. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(15), pp. 4570–4574, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.07.055.
32. Schur D.V. et al. Production of Carbon Nanostructures by Arc Synthesis in the Liquid Phase. – Carbon, 2007, vol. 45(6), pp. 1322–1329, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.017.
33. Yeh Y.W., Raitses Y., Yao N. Structural Variations of the Cathode Deposit in the Carbon Arc. – Carbon, 2016, vol. 105, pp. 490–495, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.074.
34. Corbella C. et al. Tracking Nanoparticle Growth in Pulsed Carbon Arc Discharge. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, vol. 127(24), DOI:10.1063/5.0011283.
35. Ng J., Raitses Y. Self-Organisation Processes in the Carbon Arc for Nanosynthesis. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, vol. 117(6), DOI:10.1063/1.4906784.
36. Pak A. et al. Cubic SiC Nanowire Synthesis by DC Arc Discharge under Ambient Air Conditions. – Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, vol. 387, DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125554.
37. Zhou J. et al. Simple Synthesis of Ultrafine Amorphous Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles by Atmospheric Plasmas. – Materials Letters, 2021, vol. 299, DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130072
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The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation project
No. 23-79-01145, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-01145
2. William A.F. Metal Carbides. – Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1963, pp. 153–247.
3. Adachi G.Y., Imanaka N., Fuzhong Zh. Rare Earth Carbides: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V, 1991, vol. 15, pp. 61–189.
4. Anders A. Unfiltered and Filtered Cathodic Arc. – Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings, 2010, vol. 10, pp. 466–531, DOI:10.1016/B978-0-8155-2031-3.00010-7.
5. Погребняк А.Д., Тюрин Ю.Н. Модификация свойств материалов и осаждение покрытий с помощью плазменных струй. – Успехи физических наук, 2005, т. 175, № 5, с. 515–544.
6. Михайлов Б.И. Электродуговые плазмохимические реакторы раздельного, совмещенного и раздельно-совмещенного типов. – Теплофизика и аэромеханика, 2010, т. 17, № 3, с. 425–440.
7. Цветков Ю.В., Самохин А.В. Плазменная нанопорошковая металлургия. – Автоматическая сварка, 2008, № 11, с. 171–175.
8. Ремпель А.А. Нанотехнологии свойства и применение наноструктурированных материалов. – Успехи химии, 2007, т. 76, с. 474–500.
9. Мубояджян С.А. Эрозионностойкие покрытия из нитридов и карбидов металлов и их плазмохимический синтез. – Российский химический журнал, 2010, т. 54, № 1, с. 103–109.
10. Ивановский А.Л. Нитриды и карбиды металлов платиновой группы: синтез, свойства и моделирование. – Успехи химии, 2009, т. 78, № 4, с. 328–344.
11. Подгорный В.И. и др. Получение образцов карбидов в плазме дугового разряда. – Журнал технической физики, 2013, т. 83, № 7, с. 77–81.
12. Бурханов Г.С. и др. Синтез монокристаллов карбида и карбонитрида ниобия плазменно-дуговым методом. – Перспективные материалы, 2011, № 11, с. 120–124.
13. Аньшаков А.С. и др. Синтез нанопорошков карбида кремния в двухструйном плазмохимическом реакторе. – Теплофизика и аэромеханика, 2017, т. 24, № 3, с. 473.
14. Hei L.F. et al. Fabrication and Characterizations of Large Homoepitaxial Single Crystal Diamond Grown by DC Arc Plasma Jet CVD. – Diamond and Related Materials, 2012, vol. 30, pp. 77–84, DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2012.10.002.
15. Lindfors P.A., Mularie W.M. Cathodic Arc Deposition Technology. – Surface and Coatings Technology, 1986, vol. 29, pp. 275–290, DOI:10.1016/0257-8972(86)90001-0.
16. Mandilas Ch. et al. Synthesis of Aluminium Nanoparticles by Arc Plasma Spray under Atmospheric Pressure. – Materials Science and Engineering B, 2013, vol. 178(1), pp. 22–30, DOI:10.1016/j.mseb.2012.10.004.
17. Choi S.I. et al. High Purity Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Methane Decomposition Using an Arc-Jet Plasma. – Current Applied Physics, 2006, vol. 6(2), pp. 224–229, DOI:10.1016/j.cap.2005.07.045.
18. Tay B.K., Zhao Z.W., Chua D.H.C. Review of Metal Oxide Films Deposited by Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Technique. – Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports, 2006, vol. 52(1-3), DOI:10.1016/j.mser.2006.04.003.
19. Lu F.X. et al. A New Type of DC Arc Plasma Torch for Low Cost Large Area Diamond Deposition. – Diamond and Related Materials, 1998, vol. 7, pp. 737–741, DOI:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00180-5.
20. Su Y., Zhang Y. Carbon Nanomaterials Synthesized by Arc Discharge Hot Plasma. – Carbon, 2015, vol. 83, pp. 90–99, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.023.
21. Xing G., Jia S.-l., Shi Z.-q. The Production of Carbon Nano-Materials by Arc Discharge under Water or Liquid Nitrogen. – New Carbon Materials, 2007, vol. 22(4), pp. 337–341, DOI:10.1016/S1872-5805(08)60005-0.
22. Kim T.H., Seon H., Park D.W. Synthesis of CeO2 Nano-crystalline Powders Using DC Non-Transferred Thermal Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure. – Advanced Powder Technology, 2016, vol. 27(5), pp. 2012–2018, DOI:10.1016/j.apt.2016.07.008.
23. Arora N., Sharma N.N. Arc Discharge Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes: Comprehensive Review. – Diamond and Related Materials, 2014, vol. 50, pp. 135–150, DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2014.10.001.
24. Zhao J. et al. Arc Synthesis of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Low Pressure Air and Their Superior Field Emission Properties. – Carbon, 2013, vol. 58, pp. 92–98.
25. Su Y. et al. Low-Cost Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Low-Pressure Air Arc Discharge. – Materials Research Bulletin, 2014, vol. 50, pp. 23–25, DOI:10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.10.013.
26. Li N. et al. Synthesis of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns by Arc-Discharge in Air and Their Formation Mechanism. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(5), pp. 1580–1585, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.055.
27. Pak A.Y. et al. Machine Learning-Driven Synthesis of TiZrNbHfTaC5 High-Entropy Carbide. – npj Computational Materials, 2023, vol. 9(1), DOI:10.1038/s41524-022-00955-9.
28. Zhao J. et al. Continuous and Low-Cost Synthesis of High-Quality Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Arc Discharge in Air. – Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2012, vol. 44(7-8), pp. 1639–1643, DOI:10.1016/j.physe.2012.04.010.
29. Тот Л. Карбиды и нитриды переходных металлов. М.: Мир, 1974, 294 с.
30. Churilov G.N. et al. Synthesis of Fullerenes in a High-Frequency Arc Plasma under Elevated Helium Pressure. – Carbon, 2013, vol. 62(23), pp. 389–392, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.022.
31. Levchenko I. et al. The Large-Scale Production of Graphene Flakes Using Magnetically-Enhanced Arc Discharge between Carbon Electrodes. – Carbon, 2010, vol. 48(15), pp. 4570–4574, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.07.055.
32. Schur D.V. et al. Production of Carbon Nanostructures by Arc Synthesis in the Liquid Phase. – Carbon, 2007, vol. 45(6), pp. 1322–1329, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.01.017.
33. Yeh Y.W., Raitses Y., Yao N. Structural Variations of the Cathode Deposit in the Carbon Arc. – Carbon, 2016, vol. 105, pp. 490–495, DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.074.
34. Corbella C. et al. Tracking Nanoparticle Growth in Pulsed Carbon Arc Discharge. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, vol. 127(24), DOI:10.1063/5.0011283.
35. Ng J., Raitses Y. Self-Organisation Processes in the Carbon Arc for Nanosynthesis. – Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, vol. 117(6), DOI:10.1063/1.4906784.
36. Pak A. et al. Cubic SiC Nanowire Synthesis by DC Arc Discharge under Ambient Air Conditions. – Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, vol. 387, DOI:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125554.
37 Zhou J. et al. Simple Synthesis of Ultrafine Amorphous Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles by Atmospheric Plasmas. – Materials Letters, 2021, vol. 299, DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130072.
#
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The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation project
No. 23-79-01145, https://rscf.ru/project/23-79-01145
