Модернизация алгоритма виртуального синхронного генератора для управления системой накопления электроэнергии в микросети
Ключевые слова:
система накопления электроэнергии, виртуальный синхронный генератор, регулирование частоты, микросеть, уровень заряда
Аннотация
Регулирование частоты – важнейшая задача в электроэнергетических системах, регламентируемая различными национальными стандартами и кодексами. В результате продолжающегося внедрения в современные энергосистемы безынерционных генерирующих объектов на базе силовых преобразователей (в основном возобновляемых источников энергии (ВИЭ)) данная задача становится более комплексной и требующей учета дополнительных факторов, связанных со стохастической выработкой электроэнергии за счет ВИЭ, снижением общей инерции в энергосистеме и др. Особенно остро это проявляется в микросетях, которым свойственны существенные изменения частоты. Эффективным решением проблемы является использование систем накопления электроэнергии (СНЭЭ) с управлением сетевым инвертором в режиме «ведущий». В статье представлена модернизированная структура алгоритма управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора, управляемого опорным сигналом тока (ВСГ-Т), в котором демпфирование колебаний осуществляется с помощью согласно-параллельного регулятора. В модернизированную структуру ВСГ-Т добавлен ПИ-регулятор для контроля уровня заряда СНЭЭ. С помощью частотного анализа для линеаризованной модели, отражающей процессы изменения активной мощности и частоты в микросети, доказана независимость действия контуров в рамках разработанного алгоритма ВСГ-Т, реализующих инерционный отклик, регулирование частоты и восстановление уровня заряда СНЭЭ. Показано, что для ВСГ традиционной структуры возникает необходимость поиска компромисса между качеством регулирования частоты и восстановлением уровня заряда, что приводит к неизбежному увеличению номинальной энергоемкости СНЭЭ. Для настройки модернизированного алгоритма ВСГ-Т разработана методика, основанная на разделении полос пропускания различных контуров, с помощью которой достигается желаемое качество регулирования частоты в микросети при минимально возможных размерах СНЭЭ с учетом восстановления уровня заряда и допустимых пределов изменения частоты. Для подтверждения полученных результатов выполнено математическое моделирование во временной области с помощью PSCAD/EMTDC.
Литература
1. Карамов Д.Н. и др. Анализ мирового опыта стимулирования развития возобновляемой энергетики и возможностей его применения в России. – Энергетик, 2022, № 9, с. 39–49.
2. Елистратов В.В. и др. Арктическая ветродизельная электростанция с интеллектуальной системой автоматического управления. – Электричество, 2022, № 2, с. 29–37.
3. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Requirements for Power Stations Islanding Automation. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, 2018, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEAM.2018.8728682.
4. Uriarte F.M. et al. Microgrid Ramp Rates and the Inertial Stability Margin. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 3209–3216, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2387700.
5. Muyeen S.M., Islam S.M., Blaabjerg F. Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019, 623 p., DOI: 10.1049/PBPO139E.
6. Kerdphol T. et al. Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control Based on Derivative Technique to Emulate Simultaneous Inertia and Damping Properties for Microgrid Frequency Regulation. – IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 9, pp. 14422–14433, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892747.
7. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Approaches to Organization of Emergency Control at Isolated Operation of Energy Areas with Distributed Generation. – The International Ural Conference on Green Energy, 2018, pp. 149–155, DOI: 10.1109/URALCON.2018.8544361.
8. Илюшин П.В., Куликов А.Л., Березовский П.К. Эффективное использование накопителей электрической энергии для предотвращения отключений объектов распределенной генерации при кратковременных отклонениях частоты. – Релейная защита и автоматизация, 2019, № 4(37), с. 26–33.
9. Бачурин П.А. и др. Испытания промышленного образца системы накопления энергии СНЭ-10-1200-400 при совместной работе с ГПУ в составе экспериментальной энергосистемы. – Электро-энергия. Передача и распределение, 2020, № 2(59), с. 18–24.
10. Tamrakar U. et al. Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions. – Applied Science, 2017, vol. 7, 654, DOI: 10.3390/app70 70654.
11. Cheng Y. et al. Smart Frequency Control in Low Inertia Energy Systems Based on Frequency Response Techniques: A Review. – Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, 115798, DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115798.
12. Meng L. et al. Fast Frequency Response from Energy Storage Systems – A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2020, vol. 11, No.2, pp. 1566–1581, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
13. Ruban N. et al. Frequency Control by the PV Station in Electric Power Systems with Hydrogen Energy Storage. – International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, vol. 48, No. 73, pp. 28262–28276, DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.048.
14. Rosso R. et al. Grid-Forming Converters: Control Approaches, Grid-Synchronization, and Future Trends—A Review. – IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 2, pp. 93–109, DOI:10.1109/OJIA.2021.3074028.
15. Kikusato H. et al. Verification of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Environment for Testing Grid-Forming Inverter. – Energy Reports, 2023, vol. 9, pp. 303–311, DOI:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.126.
16. Суворов А.А. и др. Синтез и тестирование типовых структур систем автоматического управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора для генерирующих установок с силовым преобразователем. – Электрические станции, 2022, № 3 (1088), с. 43–57.
17. Mallemaci V. et al. A Comprehensive Comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with Focus on Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2021, vol. 201, 107516, DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107516.
18. Soni N., Doolla S., Chandorkar M.C. Inertia Design Methods for Islanded Microgrids Having Static and Rotating Energy Sources. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 5165–5174, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2016.2597281.
19. Yuan C. et al. Constrained Operation Zone of a VSG Con-sidering the DC-Side Power Margin. – Journal of Engineering, 2019, vol. 2019, No. 16, pp. 2563–2568, DOI:10.1049/joe.2018.8679.
20. Yuan C. et al. Transient Characteristics and Physical Constraints of Grid-Tied Virtual Synchronous Machines. – Journal of Power Electronics, 2018, vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1111–1126, DOI:10.6113/JPE.2018.18.4.1111.
21. Илюшин П.В., Шавловский С.В. Использование сегментированной статической характеристики по частоте для поддержания уровня заряда системы накопления электроэнергии. – Электроэнергия. Передача и распределение, 2021, № 5 (68), с. 44–53.
22. Molina M.G., Mercado P.E. Primary Frequency Control of Multi-Machine Power Systems with STATCOM-SMES: A Case Study. – International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 388–402, DOI:10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.10.035.
23. Ma Y. et al. Virtual Synchronous Generator Control of Full Converter Wind Turbines with Short-Term Energy Storage. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, vol. 64, No. 11, pp. 8821–8831, DOI:10.1109/TIE.2017.2694347.
24. Shi M. et al. A Virtual Synchronous Generator System Control Method with Battery SOC Feedback. – 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, 2018, 8582563, DOI:10.1109/EI2.2018.8582563.
25. Guan M. Scheduled Power Control and Autonomous Energy Control of Grid-Connected Energy Storage System (ESS) with Virtual Synchronous Generator and Primary Frequency Regulation Capabilities. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 942–954, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3105940.
26. Hu C. et al. An SOC Based Control Strategy for VSG Using Weight Coefficient in Grid Connected Mode. – 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2016, pp. 1743–1746, DOI:10.1109/IPEMC.2016.7512557.
27. Shim J.W. et al. Decentralized Operation of Multiple Energy Storage Systems: SOC Management for Frequency Regulation. – IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 2016, 7754038, DOI:10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754038.
28. Суворов А.А. и др. Система автоматического управления силовым преобразователем на основе свободно конфигурируемой структуры виртуального синхронного генератора. – Электричество, 2022, № 4, с. 15–26.
29. Суворов А.А. и др. Управление сетевым инвертором на основе виртуального синхронного генератора при изменении плотности электрической сети. – Электричество, 2023, № 3, с. 35–51.
30. Suvorov A. et al. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy Based on Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator Model. – Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, No. 18, 3938, DOI:10.3390/math11183938.
31. Аскаров А.Б. и др. Улучшение демпфирующих свойств виртуального синхронного генератора с помощью корректирующего согласно-параллельного регулятора. – Электричество, 2024, № 1, с. 18–36.
32. Chen M. et al. Characteristics of Parallel Inverters Applying Virtual Synchronous Generator Control. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 4690–4701, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2021.3102994.
33. Kundur P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, 1993, 1199 p.
34. Shim J.W. et al. Harmonious integration of faster-acting energy storage systems into frequency control reserves in power grid with high renewable generation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 6193–6205, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2836157.
35. Dorf R., Bishop R.H. Modern Control Systems. Pearson, 2008, 753 p.
36. Разживин И.А. и др. Обзор математических моделей систем накопления энергии для моделирования электроэнергетических систем. Ч. I. – Известия РАН. Энергетика, 2023, № 2, с. 58–80.
37. Разживин И.А. и др. Обзор математических моделей систем накопления энергии для моделирования электроэнергетических систем. Ч. II. – Известия РАН. Энергетика, 2023, № 3, с. 34–56.
38. Sun C. et al. Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Centralized Microgrid Control System with Rule-Based Dispatch and Seamless Transition Function. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2020, vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 3168–3177, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2020.2979790.
---
Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-29-00004
#
1. Karamov D.N. et al. Energetik – in Russ. (Energetik), 2022, No. 9, pp. 39–49.
2. Elistratov V.V. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 2, pp. 29–37.
3. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Requirements for Power Stations Islanding Automation. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, 2018, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEAM.2018.8728682.
4. Uriarte F.M. et al. Microgrid Ramp Rates and the Inertial Stability Margin. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 3209–3216, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2387700.
5. Muyeen S.M., Islam S.M., Blaabjerg F. Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019, 623 p., DOI: 10.1049/PBPO139E.
6. Kerdphol T. et al. Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control Based on Derivative Technique to Emulate Simultaneous Inertia and Damping Properties for Microgrid Frequency Regulation. – IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 9, pp. 14422–14433, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892747.
7. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Approaches to Organization of Emergency Control at Isolated Operation of Energy Areas with Distributed Generation. – The International Ural Conference on Green Energy, 2018, pp. 149–155, DOI: 10.1109/URALCON.2018.8544361.
8. Ilyushin P.V., Kulikov A.L., Berezovskiy P.K. Releynaya zashchita i avtomatizatsiya – in Russ. (Relay Protection and Automation), 2019, No. 4 (37), pp. 26–33.
9. Bachurin P.A. et al. Elektroenergiya. Peredacha i raspredelenie – in Russ. (Electric Power. Transmission and Distribution), 2020, No. 2 (59), pp. 18–24.
10. Tamrakar U. et al. Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions. – Applied Science, 2017, vol. 7, 654, DOI: 10.3390/app7070654.
11. Cheng Y. et al. Smart Frequency Control in Low Inertia Energy Systems Based on Frequency Response Techniques: A Review. – Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, 115798, DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115798.
12. Meng L. et al. Fast Frequency Response from Energy Storage Systems – A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2020, vol. 11, No.2, pp. 1566–1581, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
13. Ruban N. et al. Frequency Control by the PV Station in Electric Power Systems with Hydrogen Energy Storage. – International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, vol. 48, No. 73, pp. 28262–28276, DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.048.
14. Rosso R. et al. Grid-Forming Converters: Control Approaches, Grid-Synchronization, and Future Trends — A Review. – IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 2, pp. 93–109, DOI:10.1109/OJIA.2021.3074028.
15. Kikusato H. et al. Verification of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Environment for Testing Grid-Forming Inverter. – Energy Reports, 2023, vol. 9, pp. 303–311, DOI:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.126.
16. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 2022, No. 3(1088), pp. 43–57.
17. Mallemaci V. et al. A Comprehensive Comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with Focus on Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2021, vol. 201, 107516, DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107516.
18. Soni N., Doolla S., Chandorkar M.C. Inertia Design Methods for Islanded Microgrids Having Static and Rotating Energy Sources. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 5165–5174, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2016.2597281.
19. Yuan C. et al. Constrained Operation Zone of a VSG Considering the DC-Side Power Margin. – Journal of Engineering, 2019, vol. 2019, No. 16, pp. 2563–2568, DOI:10.1049/joe.2018.8679.
20. Yuan C. et al. Transient Characteristics and Physical Constraints of Grid-Tied Virtual Synchronous Machines. – Journal of Power Electronics, 2018, vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1111–1126, DOI:10.6113/JPE.2018.18.4.1111.
21. Ilyushin P.V., Shavlovskiy S.V. Elektroenergiya. Peredacha i raspredelenie – in Russ. (Electric Power. Transmission and Distribution), 2021, No. 5 (68), pp. 44–53.
22. Molina M.G., Mercado P.E. Primary Frequency Control of Multi-Machine Power Systems with STATCOM-SMES: A Case Study. – International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 388–402, DOI:10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.10.035.
23. Ma Y. et al. Virtual Synchronous Generator Control of Full Converter Wind Turbines with Short-Term Energy Storage. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, vol. 64, No. 11, pp. 8821–8831, DOI:10.1109/TIE.2017.2694347.
24. Shi M. et al. A Virtual Synchronous Generator System Control Method with Battery SOC Feedback. – 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, 2018, 8582563, DOI:10.1109/EI2.2018.8582563.
25. Guan M. Scheduled Power Control and Autonomous Energy Control of Grid-Connected Energy Storage System (ESS) with Virtual Synchronous Generator and Primary Frequency Regulation Capabilities. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 942–954, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3105940.
26. Hu C. et al. An SOC Based Control Strategy for VSG Using Weight Coefficient in Grid Connected Mode. – 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2016, pp. 1743–1746, DOI:10.1109/IPEMC.2016.7512557.
27. Shim J.W. et al. Decentralized Operation of Multiple Energy Storage Systems: SOC Management for Frequency Regulation. – IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 2016, 7754038, DOI:10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754038.
28. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 4, pp. 15–26.
29. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2023, No. 3, pp. 35–51.
30. Suvorov A. et al. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy Based on Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator Model. – Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, No. 18, 3938, DOI:10.3390/math11183938.
31. Askarov A.B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2024, No. 1, pp. 18–36.
32. Chen M. et al. Characteristics of Parallel Inverters Applying Virtual Synchronous Generator Control. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 4690–4701, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2021.3102994.
33. Kundur P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, 1993, 1199 p.
34. Shim J.W. et al. Harmonious integration of faster-acting energy storage systems into frequency control reserves in power grid with high renewable generation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 6193–6205, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2836157.
35. Dorf R., Bishop R.H. Modern Control Systems. Pearson, 2008, 753 p.
36. Razzhivin I.A. et al. Izvestiya RAN. Energetika – in Russ. (News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Energy Industry), 2023, No. 2, pp. 58–80.
37. Razzhivin I.A. et al. Izvestiya RAN. Energetika – in Russ. (News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Energy Industry), 2023, No. 3, pp. 34–56.
38. Sun C. et al. Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Centralized Microgrid Control System with Rule-Based Dispatch and Seamless Transition Function. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2020, vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 3168–3177, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2020.2979790
---
The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 24-29-00004
2. Елистратов В.В. и др. Арктическая ветродизельная электростанция с интеллектуальной системой автоматического управления. – Электричество, 2022, № 2, с. 29–37.
3. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Requirements for Power Stations Islanding Automation. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, 2018, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEAM.2018.8728682.
4. Uriarte F.M. et al. Microgrid Ramp Rates and the Inertial Stability Margin. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 3209–3216, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2387700.
5. Muyeen S.M., Islam S.M., Blaabjerg F. Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019, 623 p., DOI: 10.1049/PBPO139E.
6. Kerdphol T. et al. Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control Based on Derivative Technique to Emulate Simultaneous Inertia and Damping Properties for Microgrid Frequency Regulation. – IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 9, pp. 14422–14433, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892747.
7. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Approaches to Organization of Emergency Control at Isolated Operation of Energy Areas with Distributed Generation. – The International Ural Conference on Green Energy, 2018, pp. 149–155, DOI: 10.1109/URALCON.2018.8544361.
8. Илюшин П.В., Куликов А.Л., Березовский П.К. Эффективное использование накопителей электрической энергии для предотвращения отключений объектов распределенной генерации при кратковременных отклонениях частоты. – Релейная защита и автоматизация, 2019, № 4(37), с. 26–33.
9. Бачурин П.А. и др. Испытания промышленного образца системы накопления энергии СНЭ-10-1200-400 при совместной работе с ГПУ в составе экспериментальной энергосистемы. – Электро-энергия. Передача и распределение, 2020, № 2(59), с. 18–24.
10. Tamrakar U. et al. Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions. – Applied Science, 2017, vol. 7, 654, DOI: 10.3390/app70 70654.
11. Cheng Y. et al. Smart Frequency Control in Low Inertia Energy Systems Based on Frequency Response Techniques: A Review. – Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, 115798, DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115798.
12. Meng L. et al. Fast Frequency Response from Energy Storage Systems – A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2020, vol. 11, No.2, pp. 1566–1581, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
13. Ruban N. et al. Frequency Control by the PV Station in Electric Power Systems with Hydrogen Energy Storage. – International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, vol. 48, No. 73, pp. 28262–28276, DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.048.
14. Rosso R. et al. Grid-Forming Converters: Control Approaches, Grid-Synchronization, and Future Trends—A Review. – IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 2, pp. 93–109, DOI:10.1109/OJIA.2021.3074028.
15. Kikusato H. et al. Verification of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Environment for Testing Grid-Forming Inverter. – Energy Reports, 2023, vol. 9, pp. 303–311, DOI:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.126.
16. Суворов А.А. и др. Синтез и тестирование типовых структур систем автоматического управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора для генерирующих установок с силовым преобразователем. – Электрические станции, 2022, № 3 (1088), с. 43–57.
17. Mallemaci V. et al. A Comprehensive Comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with Focus on Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2021, vol. 201, 107516, DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107516.
18. Soni N., Doolla S., Chandorkar M.C. Inertia Design Methods for Islanded Microgrids Having Static and Rotating Energy Sources. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 5165–5174, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2016.2597281.
19. Yuan C. et al. Constrained Operation Zone of a VSG Con-sidering the DC-Side Power Margin. – Journal of Engineering, 2019, vol. 2019, No. 16, pp. 2563–2568, DOI:10.1049/joe.2018.8679.
20. Yuan C. et al. Transient Characteristics and Physical Constraints of Grid-Tied Virtual Synchronous Machines. – Journal of Power Electronics, 2018, vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1111–1126, DOI:10.6113/JPE.2018.18.4.1111.
21. Илюшин П.В., Шавловский С.В. Использование сегментированной статической характеристики по частоте для поддержания уровня заряда системы накопления электроэнергии. – Электроэнергия. Передача и распределение, 2021, № 5 (68), с. 44–53.
22. Molina M.G., Mercado P.E. Primary Frequency Control of Multi-Machine Power Systems with STATCOM-SMES: A Case Study. – International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 388–402, DOI:10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.10.035.
23. Ma Y. et al. Virtual Synchronous Generator Control of Full Converter Wind Turbines with Short-Term Energy Storage. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, vol. 64, No. 11, pp. 8821–8831, DOI:10.1109/TIE.2017.2694347.
24. Shi M. et al. A Virtual Synchronous Generator System Control Method with Battery SOC Feedback. – 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, 2018, 8582563, DOI:10.1109/EI2.2018.8582563.
25. Guan M. Scheduled Power Control and Autonomous Energy Control of Grid-Connected Energy Storage System (ESS) with Virtual Synchronous Generator and Primary Frequency Regulation Capabilities. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 942–954, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3105940.
26. Hu C. et al. An SOC Based Control Strategy for VSG Using Weight Coefficient in Grid Connected Mode. – 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2016, pp. 1743–1746, DOI:10.1109/IPEMC.2016.7512557.
27. Shim J.W. et al. Decentralized Operation of Multiple Energy Storage Systems: SOC Management for Frequency Regulation. – IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 2016, 7754038, DOI:10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754038.
28. Суворов А.А. и др. Система автоматического управления силовым преобразователем на основе свободно конфигурируемой структуры виртуального синхронного генератора. – Электричество, 2022, № 4, с. 15–26.
29. Суворов А.А. и др. Управление сетевым инвертором на основе виртуального синхронного генератора при изменении плотности электрической сети. – Электричество, 2023, № 3, с. 35–51.
30. Suvorov A. et al. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy Based on Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator Model. – Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, No. 18, 3938, DOI:10.3390/math11183938.
31. Аскаров А.Б. и др. Улучшение демпфирующих свойств виртуального синхронного генератора с помощью корректирующего согласно-параллельного регулятора. – Электричество, 2024, № 1, с. 18–36.
32. Chen M. et al. Characteristics of Parallel Inverters Applying Virtual Synchronous Generator Control. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 4690–4701, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2021.3102994.
33. Kundur P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, 1993, 1199 p.
34. Shim J.W. et al. Harmonious integration of faster-acting energy storage systems into frequency control reserves in power grid with high renewable generation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 6193–6205, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2836157.
35. Dorf R., Bishop R.H. Modern Control Systems. Pearson, 2008, 753 p.
36. Разживин И.А. и др. Обзор математических моделей систем накопления энергии для моделирования электроэнергетических систем. Ч. I. – Известия РАН. Энергетика, 2023, № 2, с. 58–80.
37. Разживин И.А. и др. Обзор математических моделей систем накопления энергии для моделирования электроэнергетических систем. Ч. II. – Известия РАН. Энергетика, 2023, № 3, с. 34–56.
38. Sun C. et al. Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Centralized Microgrid Control System with Rule-Based Dispatch and Seamless Transition Function. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2020, vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 3168–3177, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2020.2979790.
---
Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-29-00004
#
1. Karamov D.N. et al. Energetik – in Russ. (Energetik), 2022, No. 9, pp. 39–49.
2. Elistratov V.V. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 2, pp. 29–37.
3. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Requirements for Power Stations Islanding Automation. – International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing, 2018, DOI: 10.1109/ICIEAM.2018.8728682.
4. Uriarte F.M. et al. Microgrid Ramp Rates and the Inertial Stability Margin. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 3209–3216, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2387700.
5. Muyeen S.M., Islam S.M., Blaabjerg F. Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019, 623 p., DOI: 10.1049/PBPO139E.
6. Kerdphol T. et al. Enhanced Virtual Inertia Control Based on Derivative Technique to Emulate Simultaneous Inertia and Damping Properties for Microgrid Frequency Regulation. – IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 9, pp. 14422–14433, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2892747.
7. Ilyushin P.V., Pazderin A.V. Approaches to Organization of Emergency Control at Isolated Operation of Energy Areas with Distributed Generation. – The International Ural Conference on Green Energy, 2018, pp. 149–155, DOI: 10.1109/URALCON.2018.8544361.
8. Ilyushin P.V., Kulikov A.L., Berezovskiy P.K. Releynaya zashchita i avtomatizatsiya – in Russ. (Relay Protection and Automation), 2019, No. 4 (37), pp. 26–33.
9. Bachurin P.A. et al. Elektroenergiya. Peredacha i raspredelenie – in Russ. (Electric Power. Transmission and Distribution), 2020, No. 2 (59), pp. 18–24.
10. Tamrakar U. et al. Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions. – Applied Science, 2017, vol. 7, 654, DOI: 10.3390/app7070654.
11. Cheng Y. et al. Smart Frequency Control in Low Inertia Energy Systems Based on Frequency Response Techniques: A Review. – Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, 115798, DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115798.
12. Meng L. et al. Fast Frequency Response from Energy Storage Systems – A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2020, vol. 11, No.2, pp. 1566–1581, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
13. Ruban N. et al. Frequency Control by the PV Station in Electric Power Systems with Hydrogen Energy Storage. – International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, vol. 48, No. 73, pp. 28262–28276, DOI:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.048.
14. Rosso R. et al. Grid-Forming Converters: Control Approaches, Grid-Synchronization, and Future Trends — A Review. – IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 2, pp. 93–109, DOI:10.1109/OJIA.2021.3074028.
15. Kikusato H. et al. Verification of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Environment for Testing Grid-Forming Inverter. – Energy Reports, 2023, vol. 9, pp. 303–311, DOI:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.126.
16. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 2022, No. 3(1088), pp. 43–57.
17. Mallemaci V. et al. A Comprehensive Comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generators with Focus on Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2021, vol. 201, 107516, DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107516.
18. Soni N., Doolla S., Chandorkar M.C. Inertia Design Methods for Islanded Microgrids Having Static and Rotating Energy Sources. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 5165–5174, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2016.2597281.
19. Yuan C. et al. Constrained Operation Zone of a VSG Considering the DC-Side Power Margin. – Journal of Engineering, 2019, vol. 2019, No. 16, pp. 2563–2568, DOI:10.1049/joe.2018.8679.
20. Yuan C. et al. Transient Characteristics and Physical Constraints of Grid-Tied Virtual Synchronous Machines. – Journal of Power Electronics, 2018, vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 1111–1126, DOI:10.6113/JPE.2018.18.4.1111.
21. Ilyushin P.V., Shavlovskiy S.V. Elektroenergiya. Peredacha i raspredelenie – in Russ. (Electric Power. Transmission and Distribution), 2021, No. 5 (68), pp. 44–53.
22. Molina M.G., Mercado P.E. Primary Frequency Control of Multi-Machine Power Systems with STATCOM-SMES: A Case Study. – International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2013, vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 388–402, DOI:10.1016/j.ijepes.2011.10.035.
23. Ma Y. et al. Virtual Synchronous Generator Control of Full Converter Wind Turbines with Short-Term Energy Storage. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2017, vol. 64, No. 11, pp. 8821–8831, DOI:10.1109/TIE.2017.2694347.
24. Shi M. et al. A Virtual Synchronous Generator System Control Method with Battery SOC Feedback. – 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, 2018, 8582563, DOI:10.1109/EI2.2018.8582563.
25. Guan M. Scheduled Power Control and Autonomous Energy Control of Grid-Connected Energy Storage System (ESS) with Virtual Synchronous Generator and Primary Frequency Regulation Capabilities. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 942–954, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3105940.
26. Hu C. et al. An SOC Based Control Strategy for VSG Using Weight Coefficient in Grid Connected Mode. – 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2016, pp. 1743–1746, DOI:10.1109/IPEMC.2016.7512557.
27. Shim J.W. et al. Decentralized Operation of Multiple Energy Storage Systems: SOC Management for Frequency Regulation. – IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology, 2016, 7754038, DOI:10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754038.
28. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2022, No. 4, pp. 15–26.
29. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2023, No. 3, pp. 35–51.
30. Suvorov A. et al. An Adaptive Inertia and Damping Control Strategy Based on Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator Model. – Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, No. 18, 3938, DOI:10.3390/math11183938.
31. Askarov A.B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2024, No. 1, pp. 18–36.
32. Chen M. et al. Characteristics of Parallel Inverters Applying Virtual Synchronous Generator Control. – IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 4690–4701, DOI:10.1109/TSG.2021.3102994.
33. Kundur P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, 1993, 1199 p.
34. Shim J.W. et al. Harmonious integration of faster-acting energy storage systems into frequency control reserves in power grid with high renewable generation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2018, vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 6193–6205, DOI:10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2836157.
35. Dorf R., Bishop R.H. Modern Control Systems. Pearson, 2008, 753 p.
36. Razzhivin I.A. et al. Izvestiya RAN. Energetika – in Russ. (News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Energy Industry), 2023, No. 2, pp. 58–80.
37. Razzhivin I.A. et al. Izvestiya RAN. Energetika – in Russ. (News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Energy Industry), 2023, No. 3, pp. 34–56.
38. Sun C. et al. Design and Real-Time Implementation of a Centralized Microgrid Control System with Rule-Based Dispatch and Seamless Transition Function. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2020, vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 3168–3177, DOI:10.1109/TIA.2020.2979790
---
The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 24-29-00004
