Архитектура, ключевые технологии и аппаратная реализация системы V2G
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2026-5-29-41Ключевые слова:
технология V2G, четырёхуровневая архитектура, матричный преобразователь, активный выпрямитель, математическая модель, системы беспроводной зарядки, срок службы аккумуляторных батарейАннотация
Технология «транспортное средство – сеть» (Vehicle-to-Grid, V2G) обеспечивает двунаправленное энергетическое взаимодействие между электромобилями и электрической сетью, позволяя использовать аккумуляторы электромобиля в качестве распределённых накопителей энергии в современных энергосистемах. В статье приведены результаты исследования и анализа режимов работы, архитектуры системы, ключевых технологий и практической реализации V2G. Особое внимание уделено математической модели базового модуля, разработанной авторами. Проанализировано четыре режима работы V2G: централизованное диспетчерское управление, автономное реагирование, взаимодействие в микросетях и сервис на основе замены батарей. Каждый режим даёт уникальные преимущества для интеграции электромобилей в электрические сети. Предложена четырёхуровневая архитектура системы V2G, включающая уровень физических устройств, уровень коммуникационного управления, уровень агрегации и диспетчеризации, а также уровень взаимодействия с сетью. Такая архитектура обеспечивает бесшовный двунаправленный поток энергии и информации, одновременно решая требования к совместимости (интероперабельности) и кибербезопасности. Рассмотрены критические технологии для развёртывания V2G, включая интеллектуальные двунаправленные зарядные топологии, предложенную математическую модель базового модуля, системы беспроводной зарядки и управление сроком службы батарей. На основе анализа топологии разработан и экспериментально проверен прототип интеллектуального двунаправленного зарядного модуля мощностью 20 кВт. Модуль характеризуется широким диапазоном напряжений, пиковым КПД 96 % и надёжными механизмами защиты, что обеспечивает надёжную аппаратную платформу для интеграции V2G. В совокупности эти результаты создают основу для будущих исследований и крупномасштабного внедрения V2G, подчёркивая его потенциал для повышения стабильности сети, поддержки интеграции возобновляемых источников энергии и содействия устойчивому транспорту.
Библиографические ссылки
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1. Zhu Z. et al. Research on the Key Technology of V2G for Electric Vehicles. – Electrotechnical Application, 2021, vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 36–43.
2. Zecchino A. et al. Large-Scale Provision of Frequency Control via V2G: The Bornholm Power System Case. – Electric Power Systems Research, 2019, vol. 170, pp. 25–34, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2018.12.027.
3. Revankar S.R., Kalkhambkar V.N. Grid Integration of Battery Swapping Station: A Review – Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, vol. 41, DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102937.
4. Du P. et al. Enhancing Green Mobility Through Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: Potential, Technological Barriers, and Policy Implications. – Energy & Environmental Science, 2025, vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 4496–4520, DOI: 10.1039/D5EE00116A.
5. Huang Z., Cheng N., Jiang Y. Multi-Time-Scale Scheduling Strategy of V2G Aggregators Considering EV Peak Regulating Demand Response Reliability. – High Voltage Engineering, 2024, DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.20231247.
6. YUAN J. et al. A Review of Bidirectional On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles. – IEEE Access, 2021, vol. 9, pp. 51501–51518, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069448.
7. Sorokin D., Volskiy S., Skorokhod Y. Development of the Control System for Three-Phase Power Factor Corrector. – Conference: PCIM Europe 2019 – Int. Exhibition and Conf. for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2019.
8. Ruttala S. et al. A Comprehensive Review of EV Chargers: Topologies, Standards, Commercial Implementations, and Research Challenges. – IEEE Access,2026, vol. 14, pp. 25623–25649, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3664945.
9. Das D. et al. A Bidirectional Soft-Switched DAB-Based Single-Stage Three-Phase AC–DC Converter for V2G Application. – IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2019, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 186–199, DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2886455.
10. Sarnago H. et al. Novel Bidirectional Universal 1-Phase/3-Phase-Input Unity Power Factor Differential AC/DC Converter. – Electronics Letters, 2023, vol. 59, No. 13, DOI:10.1049/ell2.12857.
11. Xiao A.L., Xinbo Ruan B.X. The Bidirectional Four-Switch Buck-Boost Converter with PWM Plus Phase-Shift Control. – IEEE 10th Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conf., 2024, pp. 2849–2853, DOI: 10.1109/IPEMC-ECCEAsia60879.2024.10567389.
12. Qi Y. et al. Decentralized Control for a Multiactive Bridge Converter. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2023, vol. 70, No. 11, pp. 11412–11421, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2022.3231282.
13. Filsoof K., Lehn P.W. A Bidirectional Modular Multilevel DC–DC Converter of Triangular Structure. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2015, vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 54–64, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2307004.
14. Pu M., Volskiy N. Operating Modes of a Two-Unit Fast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles. – Еlektrichestvo, 2025, No. 7, pp. 71–80, DOI: 10.24160/0013-5380-2025-7-71-80.
15. Oleschuk V. et al. Schemes and Techniques of Synchronous Modulation of PV Inverters with High Modulation Indices: A Survey. – 12th Int. Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering, 2021, DOI: 10.1109/ATEE52255.2021.9425276.
16. Prasad D.D. et al. Study of Harmonic Performance in Conventional Multilevel Inverters: Comparative analysis of modulation techniques. – E3S Web of Conferences, 2024, vol. 591, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202459105011.
17. Peter S. et al. Hysteresis Current Control for the Three-Phase PFC-Rectifier with two AC Side Transistors BIErectifier P2S6. – PESS 2024; Power and Energy Student Summit, 2024, pp. 55–60.
18. Kumar J., Samanta S. A Single-Stage Universal Input Wireless Inductive Power Transfer System with V2G Capability. – IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, 2024, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1017–1029, DOI: 10.1109/JESTIE.2024.3392269.
19. Wu X. et al. Research on Bidirectional Dynamic Wireless Charging System Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control Strategy. – IEEE 6th Int. Conf. on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology, 2024, pp. 383–389, DOI: 10.1109/ICCASIT62299. 2024.10828114.
20. Köhler S. et al. On the Security of the Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Communication. – IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids, 2022, pp. 393–398, DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm52983.2022.9961000.
21. Xu X. et al. Challenges and Opportunities toward Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries. – Journal of Power Sources, 2024, vol. 603, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234445.
22. Huang Q. et al. Degradation of Ni-Rich Cathode Materials: A Multiple Fields Coupling with Negative Feedback Process. – Energy Storage Materials, 2023, vol. 63, DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103050.
23. Qu J., Jiang Z., Zhang J. Investigation on Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation Induced by Combined Effect of Current Rate and Operating Temperature During Fast Charging. – Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, vol. 52, DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104811.
24. Krapivnoi M., Volskiy N., Barkovska D. Development of the Control Algorithm for the Two-Unit Fast-Charging Stations. – PCIM Asia 2023 – Int. Exhibition and Conf. for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2023, pp. 153–158, DOI: 10.30420/566131025.
25. Dubarry M., Baure G., Devie A. Durability and Reliability of EV Batteries under Electric Utility Grid Operations: Path Dependence of Battery Degradation. – Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, vol. 165, No. 5, pp. 773–783, DOI: 10.1149/2.0421805jes.
26. Lin X.-W. et al. Advances on Two-Phase Heat Transfer for Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2024, vol. 189, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114052.
27. Volskiy N., Krapivnoi M., Sukhov D. The Charging Station for Fast-Charging Batteries of Two Electric Vehicles. – PCIM Asia 2024 – Int. Exhibition and Conf. for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, 2024, pp. 199–204, DOI: 10.30420/566414036
