A Two-Step Optimizer for Extremum-Seeking Control Systems as Part of a Solar Battery Power Converter
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2026-5-42-53Keywords:
automatic control system, extremum-seeking control, two-step optimizer, maximum power point tracking, photovoltaic systems, converter, computer simulationAbstract
The article presents the development of a two-step optimizer based on extremum-seeking control without explicit gradient evaluation, intended for the control system of a photovoltaic power converter operating with a utility grid. The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid growth of distributed solar generation, where the efficiency of power delivery to the grid depends to a significant degree on properly designed control devices capable of tracking the maximum power point under uncertainty in external conditions and photovoltaic source parameters. The main properties of this class of systems are formulated. Requirements for the external optimization loop’s functional blocks are established. Based on the developed requirements, a structural diagram of the proposed two-step optimizer has been developed along with its operating algorithm, which explains the search direction procedure and the principle of modifying the control output. The efficiency of the suggested approach has been confirmed by computer simulation carried out in the OrCAD PSpice software environment for an analog circuit implementation and in the PLECS environment for a digital discrete implementation based on microprocessor systems. As a result of simulation, time-domain waveforms of the optimization loop processes have been obtained, which demonstrate the control signal convergence to the optimal value and stable operation in a steady-state mode. The discrete implementation has been verified using a real photovoltaic array’s approximated current–voltage characteristic model.
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