Application of Transformer Oil and Biodegradable Ester Mixtures as Insulation for High-Voltage Equipment
Keywords:
mineral insulating oil, silicone fluid, synthetic ester, natural ester, mixed dielectric fluids, high voltage equipment
Abstract
Synthetic and natural esters as insulating fluids for high voltage equipment have been a focus of much research, especially in the last two decades. This is due to the fact that, unlike mineral oil, ester fluids are biodegradable, non-toxic, safe for the environment and human health, produced from renewable raw materials, and feature high fire resistance. Despite the fact that commercially available ester fluids having excellent insulating properties are offered in the market, both transformer manufacturers and operators are not yet ready for mass-scale transition to the use of biodegradable ester dielectric fluids. In addition, since there is a huge amount of electrical equipment filled with mineral oil, mass-scale replacement of this oil with ester dielectric fluids will be extremely expensive for power companies. A suitable way for making a shift from oil to esters can be partial replacement of mineral oil with ester fluids (for example, topping up during repairs) or complete replacement of mineral oil with biodegradable esters. Whatever of these options is implemented, there will be a mixture of two insulating fluids inside of the equipment. Therefore, specialists intensely study the characteristics and behavior of insulating mixtures based on mineral oil and other dielectric fluid (synthetic ester, natural ester or silicone fluid). The article presents a review of the latest advances in the investigations of mixtures consisting of mineral oil and other dielectric fluids, including the studies of their properties. Problems associated with the operation of equipment in the case of its filling with mixed liquids are discussed.
References
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40. Nadolny Z., Dombek G., Przybylek P. Thermal Properties of a Mixture of Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester in Terms of Its Application in the Transformer. – IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2016, pp. 857–860, DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.2016.7785457.
41. Ismail A.R. et al. Performance of the Mineral Blended Ester Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Systems. –Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2001, DOI:10.2118/2001-044.
42. Oommen T.V., Petrie E.M. Electrostatic Charging Tendency of Transformer Oils. – IEEE Power Engineering Review, 1984, vol. 103, pp. 1923–1931, DOI:10.1109/mper.1984.5525916.
43. Zdanowski M., Maleska M. Streaming Electrification of Insulating Liquids Mixtures. – Archives of Electrical Engineering, 2019, vol. 68(2), pp. 387–397.
44. Zdanowski M. Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method. – Energies, 2020, vol. 13(23), DOI:10.3390/en13236159.
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46. Fofana I. et al. Retrofilling Conditions of High Voltage Transformers. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2001, vol. 17(2), pp. 17–30.
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Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-79-10198, https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10198/.
#
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13. Chen J. et al. Promising Nano-Insulating-Oil for Industrial Application: Electrical Properties and Modification Mechanism. – Nanomaterials, 2019, vol. 9(5), DOI: 10.3390/nano9050788.
14. Ranga C., Kumar A., Chandel R. Performance Analysis of Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers with a Blend of Mineral and Silicon Oils. – IETE Technical Rewiew, 2017, vol. 35(4), DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2017.1299595.
15. Perrier C., Beroual A., Bessede J.L. Improvement of Power Transformers by Using Mixtures of Mineral Oil with Synthetic Esters. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2006, vol. 13(3), pp. 556–564, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2006.1657968.
16. Karthik R. et al. Performance Evaluation of Ester Oil and Mixed Insulating Fluids. – Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), 2012, ser. B 93(3), DOI 10.1007/s40031-012-0027-7.
17. Fernández I. et al. Thermal Degradation Assessment of Kraft Paper in Power Transformers Insulated with Natural Esters. – Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, vol. 13, pp. 129–138, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.020.
18. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of Breakdown Voltage of Mineral, Synthetic and Natural Oils and Based Mineral Oil Mixtures under AC and DC Voltages. – Energies, 2017, vol. 10(4), DOI: 10.3390/en10040511.
19. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of AC and DC Breakdown Voltages in Jatropha Methyl Ester Oil, Mineral Oil, and Their Mixtures. - IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1831–1836, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007219.
20. Rouabeh J. et al. Studies of Different Types of Insulating Oils and Their Mixtures as an Alternative to Mineral Oil for Cooling Power Transformers. – Heliyon, 2019, vol. 5(3), DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01159.
21. Nadolny Z., Dombek G. Thermal Properties of Mixture of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester in Terms of Their Application in the Transformer. – E3S Web of Conferences, 2017, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171901040.
22. Chani S.A. et al. Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Antioxidants: Taguchi Approach. – International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2017, vol. 7(2), pp. 650–658, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp650-658.
23. Chani S.A. et al. Oxidation Stability Enhancement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil: Optimizing the Antioxidants Mixtures by Two-Level Factorial Design. – ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2017, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1694–1700.
24. Drabik J. et al. The Comparative Analysis of Prepared Mixtures of Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil with Mineral and Synthetic Oil. – Tribologia, 2020, 291(3), pp. 15–21, DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4753.
25. MIDEL 7131. Sinteticheskaya dielektricheskaya transfor-matornaya zhidkost' [Electron. resource], URL: http://eltm.ru/editor/upload-files/MIDEL7131.Catalog2014.pdf?ysclid=lfkqlctmd859888 1765 (Date of appeal 03.11.2022).
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27. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 1: Investigation of Mixed Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(3), pp. 18–31, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1014964.
28. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 2: Investigations of Mixed Liquid Impregnated Paper Insulation. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(4), pp. 5–16, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1019901.
29. Hamdi A., Fofana I., Mahi D. Stability of Mineral Oil and Oil-Ester Mixtures under Thermal Ageing and Electrical Discharges. – IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2017, vol. 11(9), pp. 2384–2392, DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1970.
30. Rao U.M., Kumar Y.N., Jarial R.K. Understanding the Aging Behaviour of Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation with Ester and Mixed Dielectric Fluids. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2018, vol. 12(7), pp. 851–857, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2018.0110.
31. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Physiometric and FTIR Analysis of Cellulose Insulation in Blend of Mineral and Synthetic Ester Oils for Transformers. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2017, vol. 11(3), pp. 297–304, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2016.0334.
32. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Performance Analysis of Alternate Liquid Dielectrics for Power Transformers. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016, vol. 23(4), pp. 2475–2484, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2016.7556527.
33. Lyutikova M., Korobeinikov S., Konovalov A. Evaluation of the Properties of Mixture of Aromatic Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester for High-Voltage Equipment. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2021, vol. 28(4), pp. 1282–1290, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2021.009636.
34. Lyutikova M., Konovalov A., Korobeynikov S. Changing of the Insulating Characteristics of Mixtures (Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester) During Prolonged Exposure of Elevated Temperature. – 49th Session CIGRE, 2022, paper D1-10607.
35. Musil R., Baur M., Pfister W. Testing Practices for the AC Breakdown Voltage Testing of Insulation Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1995, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 21–25, DOI:10.1109/57.342041.
36. Dombek G., Gielniak J. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mixtures of Synthetic Ester/Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester/Natural Ester. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1846–1852, DOI:10.1109/TDEI.2018.007223.
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39. Dombek G., Gielniak J., Wroblewski R. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mineral Oils/Synthetic Ester Mixtures. – Conference Proceeding of ISEIM 2017, DOI:10.23919/ISEIM.2017. 8088728.
40. Nadolny Z., Dombek G., Przybylek P. Thermal Properties of a Mixture of Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester in Terms of Its Application in the Transformer. – IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2016, pp. 857–860, DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.2016.7785457.
41. Ismail A.R. et al. Performance of the Mineral Blended Ester Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Systems. –Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2001, DOI:10.2118/2001-044.
42. Oommen T.V., Petrie E.M. Electrostatic Charging Tendency of Transformer Oils. – IEEE Power Engineering Review, 1984, vol. 103, pp. 1923–1931, DOI:10.1109/mper.1984.5525916.
43. Zdanowski M., Maleska M. Streaming Electrification of Insulating Liquids Mixtures. – Archives of Electrical Engineering, 2019, vol. 68(2), pp. 387–397.
44. Zdanowski M. Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method. – Energies, 2020, vol. 13(23), DOI:10.3390/en13236159.
45. Kumar M. et al. Thermal Evaluation and Oxidation Stability of High Temperature Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers in Mixed Oil. – Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2018, DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-0662-413.
46. Fofana I. et al. Retrofilling Conditions of High Voltage Transformers. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2001, vol. 17(2), pp. 17–30.
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The research was financially supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-79-10198, https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10198/.
2. Fofana I. 50 Years in the Development to Insulating Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2013, vol. 29 (5), pp. 13–25, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2013.6585853.
3. Rao M.U. et al. Alternative Dielectric Fluids for Transformer Insulation System: Progress, Challenges, and Future Prospects. – IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 7(1), pp. 184552–184571, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960020.
4. Wang X. et al. Review of Research Progress on the Electrical Properties and Modification of Mineral Insulating Oils Used in Power Transformers. – Energies, 2018, vol. 11, DOI: 10.3390/en11030487.
5. IEC 60599:2015. Mineral Oil-Impregnated Electrical Equipment in Service: Guide to the Interpretation of Dissolved and Free Gases Analysis, 2015, 78 p.
6. IEEE Standard C57.104-2008. IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers, 2009, 36 p.
7. РД 153-34.0-46.302-00. Методические указания по диагностике развивающихся дефектов трансформаторного оборудования по результатам хроматографического анализа газов, растворенных в масле. М.: РАО "ЕЭС России", Технорматив, 2011, 30 с.
8. СТО 34.01-23-003-2019. Методические указания по техническому диагностированию развивающихся дефектов маслонаполненного высоковольтного электрооборудования по результатам анализа газов, растворенных в минеральном трансформаторном масле. М.: ПАО "Россети", 2019, 63 с.
9. Transformer Oil Market by Oil Type (Mineral (Naphthenic, Paraffinic), Silicone, Bio-based), Application (Transformer, Switchgear, Reactor), End User (Transmission & Distribution, Power Generation, Railways & Metros), and Region – Global Forecast to 2030. [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/transformer-oil-market-967.html (дата обращения 03.11.2022).
10. Huang Y., Wei J., Yi J. Combustion Behavior of Mineral Insulating Oil with Addition of Flame Retardants. – IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/508/1/012155.
11. Saidur R., Leong K.Y., Mohammad H.A. A Review on Applications and Challenges of Nanofluids. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, vol. 15, pp. 1646–1668.
12. Zmarz Y.D., Dobry D. Analysis of Properties of Aged Mineral Oil Doped with C60 Fullerenes. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2014, vol. 21 (3), pp. 1119–1126, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2014.6832256.
13. Chen J. et al. Promising Nano-Insulating-Oil for Industrial Application: Electrical Properties and Modification Mechanism. – Nanomaterials, 2019, vol. 9(5), DOI: 10.3390/nano9050788.
14. Ranga C., Kumar A., Chandel R. Performance Analysis of Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers with a Blend of Mineral and Silicon Oils. – IETE Technical Rewiew, 2017, vol. 35(4), DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2017.1299595.
15. Perrier C., Beroual A., Bessede J.L. Improvement of Power Transformers by Using Mixtures of Mineral Oil with Synthetic Esters. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2006, vol. 13(3), pp. 556–564, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2006.1657968.
16. Karthik R. et al. Performance Evaluation of Ester Oil and Mixed Insulating Fluids. – Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), 2012, ser. B 93(3), DOI 10.1007/s40031-012-0027-7.
17. Fernández I. et al. Thermal Degradation Assessment of Kraft Paper in Power Transformers Insulated with Natural Esters. – Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, vol. 13, pp. 129–138, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.020.
18. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of Breakdown Voltage of Mineral, Synthetic and Natural Oils and Based Mineral Oil Mixtures under AC and DC Voltages. – Energies, 2017, vol. 10(4), DOI: 10.3390/en10040511.
19. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of AC and DC Break-down Voltages in Jatropha Methyl Ester Oil, Mineral Oil, and Their Mixtures. - IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1831–1836, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007219.
20. Rouabeh J. et al. Studies of Different Types of Insulating Oils and Their Mixtures as an Alternative to Mineral Oil for Cooling Power Transformers. – Heliyon, 2019, vol. 5(3), DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01159.
21. Nadolny Z., Dombek G. Thermal Properties of Mixture of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester in Terms of Their Application in the Transformer. – E3S Web of Conferences, 2017, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171901040.
22. Chani S.A. et al. Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Antioxidants: Taguchi Approach. – International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2017, vol. 7(2), pp. 650–658, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp650-658.
23. Chani S.A. et al. Oxidation Stability Enhancement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil: Optimizing the Antioxidants Mixtures by Two-Level Factorial Design. – ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2017, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1694–1700.
24. Drabik J. et al. The Comparative Analysis of Prepared Mixtures of Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil with Mineral and Synthetic Oil. – Tribologia, 2020, 291(3), pp. 15–21, DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4753.
25. MIDEL 7131. Синтетическая диэлектрическая трансформаторная жидкость [Электрон. ресурс], URL: http://eltm.ru/editor/upload-files/MIDEL7131.Catalog2014.pdf?ysclid=lfkqlctmd 8598881765 (дата обращения 03.11.2022).
26. Rao U.M., Pulluri H., Kumar N.G. Performance Analysis of Transformer Oil/Paper Insulation with Ester and Mixed Dielectric Fluids. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1853–1862, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007224.
27. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 1: Investigation of Mixed Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(3), pp. 18–31, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1014964.
28. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 2: Investigations of Mixed Liquid Impregnated Paper Insulation. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(4), pp. 5–16, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1019901.
29. Hamdi A., Fofana I., Mahi D. Stability of Mineral Oil and Oil-Ester Mixtures under Thermal Ageing and Electrical Discharges. – IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2017, vol. 11(9), pp. 2384–2392, DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1970.
30. Rao U.M., Kumar Y.N., Jarial R.K. Understanding the Aging Behaviour of Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation with Ester and Mixed Dielectric Fluids. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2018, vol. 12(7), pp. 851–857, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2018.0110.
31. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Physiometric and FTIR Analysis of Cellulose Insulation in Blend of Mineral and Synthetic Ester Oils for Transformers. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2017, vol. 11(3), pp. 297–304, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2016.0334.
32. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Performance Analysis of Alternate Liquid Dielectrics for Power Transformers. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016, vol. 23(4), pp. 2475–2484, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2016.7556527.
33. Lyutikova M., Korobeinikov S., Konovalov A. Evaluation of the Properties of Mixture of Aromatic Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester for High-Voltage Equipment. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2021, vol. 28(4), pp. 1282–1290, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2021.009636.
34. Lyutikova M., Konovalov A., Korobeynikov S. Changing of the Insulating Characteristics of Mixtures (Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester) During Prolonged Exposure of Elevated Temperature. – 49th Session CIGRE, 2022, paper D1-10607.
35. Musil R., Baur M., Pfister W. Testing Practices for the AC Breakdown Voltage Testing of Insulation Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1995, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 21–25, DOI:10.1109/57.342041.
36. Dombek G., Gielniak J. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mixtures of Synthetic Ester/Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester/Natural Ester. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1846–1852, DOI:10.1109/TDEI. 2018.007223.
37. Аракелян В.Г. Физико-химические основы эксплуатации маслонаполненного электротехнического оборудования. Справочные данные, анализ, исследования, диагностика, мониторинг. М.: Тетрапринт, 2012, 768 с.
38. Mohan Rao U., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Oxidation Stability Enhancement of a Blend of Mineral and Synthetic Ester Oils. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2016, vol. 32(2), pp. 43–47, DOI:10.1109/MEI.2016.7414230.
39. Dombek G., Gielniak J., Wroblewski R. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mineral Oils/Synthetic Ester Mixtures. – Conference Proceeding of ISEIM 2017, DOI:10.23919/ISEIM.2017. 8088728.
40. Nadolny Z., Dombek G., Przybylek P. Thermal Properties of a Mixture of Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester in Terms of Its Application in the Transformer. – IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2016, pp. 857–860, DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.2016.7785457.
41. Ismail A.R. et al. Performance of the Mineral Blended Ester Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Systems. –Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2001, DOI:10.2118/2001-044.
42. Oommen T.V., Petrie E.M. Electrostatic Charging Tendency of Transformer Oils. – IEEE Power Engineering Review, 1984, vol. 103, pp. 1923–1931, DOI:10.1109/mper.1984.5525916.
43. Zdanowski M., Maleska M. Streaming Electrification of Insulating Liquids Mixtures. – Archives of Electrical Engineering, 2019, vol. 68(2), pp. 387–397.
44. Zdanowski M. Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method. – Energies, 2020, vol. 13(23), DOI:10.3390/en13236159.
45. Kumar M. et al. Thermal Evaluation and Oxidation Stability of High Temperature Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers in Mixed Oil. – Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2018, DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-0662-413.
46. Fofana I. et al. Retrofilling Conditions of High Voltage Transformers. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2001, vol. 17(2), pp. 17–30.
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Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-79-10198, https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10198/.
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1. Rafiq M. et al. Sustainable Renewable and Environmental-Friendly Insulation Systems for High Voltages Applications. – Molecules, 2020, vol. 25 (17), DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173901.
2. Fofana I. 50 Years in the Development to Insulating Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2013, vol. 29 (5), pp. 13–25, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2013.6585853.
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8. SТО 34.01-23-003-2019. Metodicheskie ukazaniya po tekhnicheskomu diagnostirovaniyu razvivayushchihsya defektov maslonapol-nennogo vysokovol'tnogo elektrooborudovaniya po rezul'tatam analiza gazov, rastvorennyh v mineral'nom transformatornom masle (Metho-dological guidelines for the technical diagnosis of developing defects in oil-filled high-voltage electrical equipment based on the results of the analysis of gases dissolved in mineral transformer oil). М.: PAO "Rosseti ", 2019, 63 p.
9. Transformer Oil Market by Oil Type (Mineral (Naphthenic, Paraffinic), Silicone, Bio-based), Application (Transformer, Switchgear, Reactor), End User (Transmission & Distribution, Power Generation, Railways & Metros), and Region – Global Forecast to 2030. [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/transformer-oil-market-967.html (Date of appeal 03.11.2022).
10. Huang Y., Wei J., Yi J. Combustion Behavior of Mineral Insulating Oil with Addition of Flame Retardants. – IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/508/1/012155.
11. Saidur R., Leong K.Y., Mohammad H.A. A Review on Applications and Challenges of Nanofluids. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, vol. 15, pp. 1646–1668.
12. Zmarz Y.D., Dobry D. Analysis of Properties of Aged Mineral Oil Doped with C60 Fullerenes. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2014, vol. 21 (3), pp. 1119–1126, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2014.6832256.
13. Chen J. et al. Promising Nano-Insulating-Oil for Industrial Application: Electrical Properties and Modification Mechanism. – Nanomaterials, 2019, vol. 9(5), DOI: 10.3390/nano9050788.
14. Ranga C., Kumar A., Chandel R. Performance Analysis of Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers with a Blend of Mineral and Silicon Oils. – IETE Technical Rewiew, 2017, vol. 35(4), DOI: 10.1080/02564602.2017.1299595.
15. Perrier C., Beroual A., Bessede J.L. Improvement of Power Transformers by Using Mixtures of Mineral Oil with Synthetic Esters. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2006, vol. 13(3), pp. 556–564, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2006.1657968.
16. Karthik R. et al. Performance Evaluation of Ester Oil and Mixed Insulating Fluids. – Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), 2012, ser. B 93(3), DOI 10.1007/s40031-012-0027-7.
17. Fernández I. et al. Thermal Degradation Assessment of Kraft Paper in Power Transformers Insulated with Natural Esters. – Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, vol. 13, pp. 129–138, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.020.
18. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of Breakdown Voltage of Mineral, Synthetic and Natural Oils and Based Mineral Oil Mixtures under AC and DC Voltages. – Energies, 2017, vol. 10(4), DOI: 10.3390/en10040511.
19. Beroual A. et al. Comparative Study of AC and DC Breakdown Voltages in Jatropha Methyl Ester Oil, Mineral Oil, and Their Mixtures. - IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1831–1836, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007219.
20. Rouabeh J. et al. Studies of Different Types of Insulating Oils and Their Mixtures as an Alternative to Mineral Oil for Cooling Power Transformers. – Heliyon, 2019, vol. 5(3), DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01159.
21. Nadolny Z., Dombek G. Thermal Properties of Mixture of Mineral Oil and Natural Ester in Terms of Their Application in the Transformer. – E3S Web of Conferences, 2017, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171901040.
22. Chani S.A. et al. Dielectric Strength Improvement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil via Mixed Antioxidants: Taguchi Approach. – International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2017, vol. 7(2), pp. 650–658, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i2.pp650-658.
23. Chani S.A. et al. Oxidation Stability Enhancement of Natural Ester Insulation Oil: Optimizing the Antioxidants Mixtures by Two-Level Factorial Design. – ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2017, vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 1694–1700.
24. Drabik J. et al. The Comparative Analysis of Prepared Mixtures of Crambe Abyssinica Seed Oil with Mineral and Synthetic Oil. – Tribologia, 2020, 291(3), pp. 15–21, DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4753.
25. MIDEL 7131. Sinteticheskaya dielektricheskaya transfor-matornaya zhidkost' [Electron. resource], URL: http://eltm.ru/editor/upload-files/MIDEL7131.Catalog2014.pdf?ysclid=lfkqlctmd859888 1765 (Date of appeal 03.11.2022).
26. Rao U.M., Pulluri H., Kumar N.G. Performance Analysis of Transformer Oil/Paper Insulation with Ester and Mixed Dielectric Fluids. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1853–1862, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2018.007224.
27. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 1: Investigation of Mixed Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(3), pp. 18–31, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1014964.
28. Fofana I. et al. Challenge of Mixed Insulating Liquids for Use in High-Voltage Transformers Part 2: Investigations of Mixed Liquid Impregnated Paper Insulation. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2002, vol. 18(4), pp. 5–16, DOI: 10.1109/MEI.2002.1019901.
29. Hamdi A., Fofana I., Mahi D. Stability of Mineral Oil and Oil-Ester Mixtures under Thermal Ageing and Electrical Discharges. – IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2017, vol. 11(9), pp. 2384–2392, DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.1970.
30. Rao U.M., Kumar Y.N., Jarial R.K. Understanding the Aging Behaviour of Transformer Oil-Paper Insulation with Ester and Mixed Dielectric Fluids. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2018, vol. 12(7), pp. 851–857, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2018.0110.
31. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Physiometric and FTIR Analysis of Cellulose Insulation in Blend of Mineral and Synthetic Ester Oils for Transformers. – IET Science, Measurement and Technology, 2017, vol. 11(3), pp. 297–304, DOI: 10.1049/iet-smt.2016.0334.
32. Rao U.M., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Performance Analysis of Alternate Liquid Dielectrics for Power Transformers. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2016, vol. 23(4), pp. 2475–2484, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2016.7556527.
33. Lyutikova M., Korobeinikov S., Konovalov A. Evaluation of the Properties of Mixture of Aromatic Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester for High-Voltage Equipment. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2021, vol. 28(4), pp. 1282–1290, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2021.009636.
34. Lyutikova M., Konovalov A., Korobeynikov S. Changing of the Insulating Characteristics of Mixtures (Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester) During Prolonged Exposure of Elevated Temperature. – 49th Session CIGRE, 2022, paper D1-10607.
35. Musil R., Baur M., Pfister W. Testing Practices for the AC Breakdown Voltage Testing of Insulation Liquids. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1995, vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 21–25, DOI:10.1109/57.342041.
36. Dombek G., Gielniak J. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mixtures of Synthetic Ester/Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester/Natural Ester. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2018, vol. 25(5), pp. 1846–1852, DOI:10.1109/TDEI.2018.007223.
37. Arakelyan V.G. Fiziko-himicheskie osnovy ekspluatatsii mas-lonapolnennogo elektrotekhnicheskogo oborudovaniya. Spravochnye dannye, analiz, issledovaniya, diagnostika, monitoring (Physico-Chemical Fundamentals of Operation of Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment. Background Data, Analysis, Research, Diagnostics, Monitoring). М.: Tetraprint, 2012, 768 p.
38. Mohan Rao U., Sood Y.R., Jarial R.K. Oxidation Stability Enhancement of a Blend of Mineral and Synthetic Ester Oils. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2016, vol. 32(2), pp. 43–47, DOI:10.1109/MEI.2016.7414230.
39. Dombek G., Gielniak J., Wroblewski R. Fire Safety and Electrical Properties of Mineral Oils/Synthetic Ester Mixtures. – Conference Proceeding of ISEIM 2017, DOI:10.23919/ISEIM.2017. 8088728.
40. Nadolny Z., Dombek G., Przybylek P. Thermal Properties of a Mixture of Mineral Oil and Synthetic Ester in Terms of Its Application in the Transformer. – IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2016, pp. 857–860, DOI: 10.1109/CEIDP.2016.7785457.
41. Ismail A.R. et al. Performance of the Mineral Blended Ester Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Systems. –Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2001, DOI:10.2118/2001-044.
42. Oommen T.V., Petrie E.M. Electrostatic Charging Tendency of Transformer Oils. – IEEE Power Engineering Review, 1984, vol. 103, pp. 1923–1931, DOI:10.1109/mper.1984.5525916.
43. Zdanowski M., Maleska M. Streaming Electrification of Insulating Liquids Mixtures. – Archives of Electrical Engineering, 2019, vol. 68(2), pp. 387–397.
44. Zdanowski M. Streaming Electrification of Nycodiel 1255 Synthetic Ester and Trafo EN Mineral Oil Mixtures by Using Rotating Disc Method. – Energies, 2020, vol. 13(23), DOI:10.3390/en13236159.
45. Kumar M. et al. Thermal Evaluation and Oxidation Stability of High Temperature Alternative Solid Dielectrics of Power Transformers in Mixed Oil. – Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2018, DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-0662-413.
46. Fofana I. et al. Retrofilling Conditions of High Voltage Transformers. – IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 2001, vol. 17(2), pp. 17–30.
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The research was financially supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 22-79-10198, https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10198/.
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2023-02-20
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