HTS Electric Machines: Current Projects and Promising Application Fields
Keywords:
superconducting machines, electric power installations, motors, generators, high power densit, wind power, aircraft power engineering, marine power engineering
Abstract
Recently, increasingly growing attention has been paid to environmental policy, the aim of which is to preserve a favorable environment for present and future generations. At the same time, the world needs more powerful sources of electricity for successful electrification, because the maximum possible values of electrical machine power indicators have already been reached in many industries. One of the solutions to the problem is the introduction of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials into the field of electromechanical converters. The use of high-temperature electric machines is a promising line for the development of electromechanical industry due to their significant advantages, in particular, higher efficiency and specific power capacity in comparison with conventional electric machines. The transition to HTS machines will make it possible to meet the growing demand for high-capacity electric machines and reduce hydrocarbon emissions into the environment. The aircraft industry, in which compact mass and dimension indicators are important, wind power, and marine power installations are especially promising application fields. An overview of superconducting energy projects developed around the world is presented, the readiness of the projects is analyzed, and the design features of some samples are discussed.
References
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30. Koster R., Binder A. Multi-Objective Optimization of a Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator with HTS Excitation Winding. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3143088.
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32. EcoSwing – Energy Cost Optimization using Superconducting Wind Generators – World’s First Demonstration of a 3.6 MW Low-Cost Lightweight DD Superconducting Generator on a Wind Turbine, DOI 10.3030/656024.
33. Tsukamoto O. Present Status and Future Trends of R&D for HTS Rotational Machines in Japan. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2014, vol. 504, pp. 106–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2014.03.018.
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42. Kalsi S. Ship Propulsion Motor Employing Bi-2223 and MgB2 Superconductors. – Research, Fabrication and Applications of Bi-2223 HTS Wires, 2016, DOI: 10.1142/9789814749268_0032.
43. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
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53. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator Project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
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57. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
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Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России, номер темы FSFF-2023-0005
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1. Ivanov N.S. et al. Elektrotekhnika. – in Russ. (Electrical Engi-neering), 2022, No. 10, pp. 2–11.
2. Critical Current Characterisation of SuperOx YBCO 2G HTS Superconducting Wire [Electron. resource], URL:https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Critical_current_characterisation_of_SuperOx_YBCO_2G_HTS_superconducting_wire/13708690/1 (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
3. Kovalev K. et al. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Design of Superconducting Electrical Machines. – IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/581/1/012012.
4. Luongo C.A. et al. Next Generation More-Electric-Aircraft: A Potential Application for HTS Superconductors. – Applied Superconductivity, 2009, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1055–1068, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2009.2019021.
5. Haran K.S. et al. High-Power Density Superconducting Rotating Machines - Development Status and Technology Roadmap. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, vol. 30, No. 12, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa833e.
6. Douine B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2021, No. 4, pp. 25–33.
7. Wang Y. et al. Design, Analysis, and Experimental Test of a Segmented-Rotor High-Temperature Superconducting Flux-Switching Generator with Stationary Seal. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, vol. 65, No. 11, pp. 9047–9055, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2814001.
8. Hoang T.K. et al. Levelized Cost of Energy Comparison Between Permanent Magnet and Superconducting Wind Generators for Various Nominal Power. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 7, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3181996.
9. Liu D. et al. Effects of Armature Winding Segmentation with Multiple Converters on the Short Circuit Torque of 10-MW Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2639029.
10. Song X. et al. Commissioning of the World’s First Full-Scale MW-Class Superconducting Generator on a Direct Drive Wind Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2020, vol. 35, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2982897.
11. Xue S. et al. Stator Optimization of Wind Power Generators with High-Temperature Superconducting Armature Windings and Permanent Magnet Rotor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2020.3037057.
12. Sung H.J. et al. Design and Heat Load Analysis of a 12 MW HTS Wind Power Generator Module Employing a Brushless HTS Exciter. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2543838.
13. Liu Y. et al. An Electromagnetic Design of a Fully Superconducting Generator for Wind Application. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14, No. 22, DOI: 10.3390/en14227811.
14. Moon H. et al. Development of a MW-Class 2G HTS Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2536660.
15. Li Z. et al. Comparative Study of 1-MW PM and HTS Synchronous Generators for Marine Current Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2018.2810302.
16. Takei S. et al. Double Armature HTS Bulk Synchronous Machine for Contra-Rotating Turbine Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3148696.
17. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
18. Nam G.D. et al. Design and characteristic analysis of a 1 MW superconducting motor for ship propulsions. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902872.
19. Fuger R. et al. A Superconducting Homopolar Motor and Generator – New Approaches. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2016, vol. 29, No. 3, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/29/3/034001.
20. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
21. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
22. Ivanov N. et al. Calculation, Design, and Winding Preliminary Tests of 90-kW HTS Machine for Small-Scale Demonstrator of Generating System for Future Aircraft with Hybrid Propulsion System. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2023, vol. 33, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3228704.
23. Kalitka V.S. Development of 500 kW Superconducting Motor and Its Test on Flying Laboratory. – EUCAS, 2021.
24. Colle A. et al. Test of a Flux Modulation Superconducting Machine for Aircraft. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012052.
25. Sasa H. et al. Experimental Evaluation of 1 kW-class Prototype REBCO Fully Superconducting Synchronous Motor Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for E-Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2021.3055452.
26. Sasa H. et al. Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupled Analysis Considering AC Losses in REBCO Windings of 10 MW Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generators Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 6, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3160660.
27. Zhou X. et al. Conceptual Design, AC Loss Calculation, and Optimization of an Airborne Fully High Temperature Superconducting Generator. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2023, vol. 605, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2022.1354207.
28. Filipenko M. et al. Concept Design of a High-Power Superconducting Generator for Future Hybrid-Electric Aircraft. – Supercond Sci Technol, 2020, vol. 33, No. 5, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/ab695a.
29. Zhou X. et al. Feasible and Optimal Design of an Airborne High-Temperature Superconducting Generator Using Taguchi Method. – Electronics 2022, 2022, vol. 11, No. 12, DOI: 10.3390/ELECTRONICS11121901.
30. Koster R., Binder A. Multi-Objective Optimization of a Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator with HTS Excitation Winding. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3143088.
31. Jung G.E. et al. A Comparative Analysis of Economics of PMSG and SCSG Floating Offshore Wind Farms. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14(5):1386, DOI:10.3390/en14051386.
32. EcoSwing – Energy Cost Optimization using Superconducting Wind Generators – World’s First Demonstration of a 3.6 MW Low-Cost Lightweight DD Superconducting Generator on a Wind Turbine, DOI 10.3030/656024.
33. Tsukamoto O. Present Status and Future Trends of R&D for HTS Rotational Machines in Japan. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2014, vol. 504, pp. 106–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2014.03.018.
34. Yanamoto T. et al. Electric Propulsion Motor Development for Commercial Ships in Japan. – Proceedings of the IEEE, 2015, vol. 103, No. 12, pp. 2333–2343, DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2495134.
35. Woodruff S. et al. Testing A 5 MW High-Temperature Superconducting Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2005, pp. 206–212, DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2005.1524676.
36. Kalsi S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC. – Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference, 2019 [Electron. resource], URL: https://indico.cern.ch/event/760666/contributions/3390601/attach-ments/1880202/3099643/Navy_Motors-20190715.pdf (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
37. Nick W., Grundmann J., Frauenhofer J. Test Results from Siemens Low-Speed, High-Torque HTS Machine and Description of Further Steps Towards Commercialisation of HTS Machines. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2012, vol. 482, pp. 105–110, DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSC.2012.04.019.
38. Bauer M. et al. Technology Trends and Challenges for Superconductor-Based Ship Propulsion. – The 32nd Undersea Defence Technology Conference (UDT), 2019.
39. Kalsi S.S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709643.
40. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC. 2018.2815712.
41. Torrey D. et al. Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Ship Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC. 2020.2980844.
42. Kalsi S. Ship Propulsion Motor Employing Bi-2223 and MgB2 Superconductors. – Research, Fabrication and Applications of Bi-2223 HTS Wires, 2016, DOI: 10.1142/9789814749268_0032.
43. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4,: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
44. Rendón M.A. et al. Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion: Development Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. – Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 2021, vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1244–1268, DOI: 10.1007/S40313-021-00740-X/FIGURES/19.
45. Noda K. et al. Numerical Simulation of a High-Power Density 10 MW REBCO Superconducting Synchronous Generator Cooled By Sub-Cooled LN2 for Low AC loss. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, vol. 2323, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2323/1/012037.
46. Komiya M. et al. Design Study of 10 MW Rebco Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generator for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2906655.
47. Colle A., Lubin T., Leveque J. Design of a Superconducting Machine and Its Cooling System for an Aeronautics Application. – The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2021, vol. 93, No. 3, DOI: 10.1051/EPJAP/2020200027.
48. Dezhin D., Ilyasov R. Development of fully Superconducting 5 MW Aviation Generator with Liquid Hydrogen Cooling. – EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2022, No. 1, pp. 62–73, DOI: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001771.
49. Profile of NEDO [Electron. resourse], URL: https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100898872.pdf (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
50. Terao Y. et al. Electromagnetic Design of Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Aircraft Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2823503.
51. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM, 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
52. Lee J.-Y. et al. Design and Characteristic Analysis of an Axial Flux High-Temperature Superconducting Motor for Aircraft Propulsion. – Materials, 2023, vol. 16, No. 9, DOI: 10.3390/MA16093587.
53. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator Project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
54. Terao Y. et al. Lightweight Design of Fully Superconducting Motors for Electrical Aircraft Propulsion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902323.
55. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
56. Tallerico T.T. et al. Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor. – AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS), 2020.
57. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
58. Kovalev K. et al. Superconducting System with 100 kW Output Power for Experimental Research. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3147442.
---
The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, topic number FSFF-2023-0005
2. Critical Current Characterisation of SuperOx YBCO 2G HTS Superconducting Wire [Электрон. ресурс], URL:https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Critical_current_characterisation_of_SuperOx_YBCO_2G_HTS_superconducting_wire/13708690/1 (дата обращения 01.06.2023).
3. Kovalev K. et al. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Design of Superconducting Electrical Machines. – IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/ 581/1/012012.
4. Luongo C.A. et al. Next Generation More-Electric-Aircraft: A Potential Application for HTS Superconductors. – Applied Superconductivity, 2009, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1055–1068, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2009.2019021.
5. Haran K.S. et al. High-Power Density Superconducting Rotating Machines - Development Status and Technology Roadmap. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, vol. 30, No. 12, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa833e.
6. Douine B. et al. Overview of High Temperature Superconductor Machines. – Электричество, 2021, № 4, с. 25–33.
7. Wang Y. et al. Design, Analysis, and Experimental Test of a Segmented-Rotor High-Temperature Superconducting Flux-Switching Generator with Stationary Seal. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, vol. 65, No. 11, pp. 9047–9055, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2814001.
8. Hoang T.K. et al. Levelized Cost of Energy Comparison Between Permanent Magnet and Superconducting Wind Generators for Various Nominal Power. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 7, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3181996.
9. Liu D. et al. Effects of Armature Winding Segmentation with Multiple Converters on the Short Circuit Torque of 10-MW Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2639029.
10. Song X. et al. Commissioning of the World’s First Full-Scale MW-Class Superconducting Generator on a Direct Drive Wind Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2020, vol. 35, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2982897.
11. Xue S. et al. Stator Optimization of Wind Power Generators with High-Temperature Superconducting Armature Windings and Permanent Magnet Rotor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Super-conductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2020.3037057.
12. Sung H.J. et al. Design and Heat Load Analysis of a 12 MW HTS Wind Power Generator Module Employing a Brushless HTS Exciter. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2543838.
13. Liu Y. et al. An Electromagnetic Design of a Fully Superconducting Generator for Wind Application. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14, No. 22, DOI: 10.3390/en14227811.
14. Moon H. et al. Development of a MW-Class 2G HTS Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2536660.
15. Li Z. et al. Comparative Study of 1-MW PM and HTS Synchronous Generators for Marine Current Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2018.2810302.
16. Takei S. et al. Double Armature HTS Bulk Synchronous Machine for Contra-Rotating Turbine Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3148696.
17. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
18. Nam G.D. et al. Design and characteristic analysis of a 1 MW superconducting motor for ship propulsions. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902872.
19. Fuger R. et al. A Superconducting Homopolar Motor and Generator – New Approaches. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2016, vol. 29, No. 3, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/29/3/034001.
20. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
21. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
22. Ivanov N. et al. Calculation, Design, and Winding Preliminary Tests of 90-kW HTS Machine for Small-Scale Demonstrator of Generating System for Future Aircraft with Hybrid Propulsion System. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2023, vol. 33, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3228704.
23. Kalitka V.S. Development of 500 kW Superconducting Motor and Its Test on Flying Laboratory. – EUCAS, 2021.
24. Colle A. et al. Test of a Flux Modulation Superconducting Machine for Aircraft. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012052.
25. Sasa H. et al. Experimental Evaluation of 1 kW-class Prototype REBCO Fully Superconducting Synchronous Motor Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for E-Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2021.3055452.
26. Sasa H. et al. Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupled Analysis Considering AC Losses in REBCO Windings of 10 MW Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generators Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 6, DOI: 10.1109/TASC. 2022.3160660.
27. Zhou X. et al. Conceptual Design, AC Loss Calculation, and Optimization of an Airborne Fully High Temperature Superconducting Generator. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2023, vol. 605, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2022.1354207.
28. Filipenko M. et al. Concept Design of a High-Power Superconducting Generator for Future Hybrid-Electric Aircraft. – Supercond Sci Technol, 2020, vol. 33, No. 5, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/ab695a.
29. Zhou X. et al. Feasible and Optimal Design of an Airborne High-Temperature Superconducting Generator Using Taguchi Method. – Electronics 2022, 2022, vol. 11, No. 12, DOI: 10.3390/ELECTRONICS11121901.
30. Koster R., Binder A. Multi-Objective Optimization of a Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator with HTS Excitation Winding. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3143088.
31. Jung G.E. et al. A Comparative Analysis of Economics of PMSG and SCSG Floating Offshore Wind Farms. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14(5):1386, DOI:10.3390/en14051386.
32. EcoSwing – Energy Cost Optimization using Superconducting Wind Generators – World’s First Demonstration of a 3.6 MW Low-Cost Lightweight DD Superconducting Generator on a Wind Turbine, DOI 10.3030/656024.
33. Tsukamoto O. Present Status and Future Trends of R&D for HTS Rotational Machines in Japan. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2014, vol. 504, pp. 106–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2014.03.018.
34. Yanamoto T. et al. Electric Propulsion Motor Development for Commercial Ships in Japan. – Proceedings of the IEEE, 2015, vol. 103, No. 12, pp. 2333–2343, DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2495134.
35. Woodruff S. et al. Testing A 5 MW High-Temperature Superconducting Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2005, pp. 206–212, DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2005.1524676.
36. Kalsi S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC. – Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference, 2019 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://indico.cern.ch/event/760666/contributions/3390601/attach-ments/1880202/3099643/Navy_Motors-20190715.pdf (дата обращения 01.06.2023).
37. Nick W., Grundmann J., Frauenhofer J. Test Results from Siemens Low-Speed, High-Torque HTS Machine and Description of Further Steps Towards Commercialisation of HTS Machines. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2012, vol. 482, pp. 105–110, DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSC.2012.04.019.
38. Bauer M. et al. Technology Trends and Challenges for Superconductor-Based Ship Propulsion. – The 32nd Undersea Defence Technology Conference (UDT), 2019.
39. Kalsi S.S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709643.
40. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
41. Torrey D. et al. Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Ship Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2020.2980844.
42. Kalsi S. Ship Propulsion Motor Employing Bi-2223 and MgB2 Superconductors. – Research, Fabrication and Applications of Bi-2223 HTS Wires, 2016, DOI: 10.1142/9789814749268_0032.
43. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
44. Rendón M.A. et al. Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion: Development Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. – Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 2021, vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1244–1268, DOI: 10.1007/S40313-021-00740-X/FIGURES/19. DOI
45. Noda K. et al. Numerical Simulation of a High-Power Density 10 MW REBCO Superconducting Synchronous Generator Cooled by Sub-Cooled LN2 for Low AC loss. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, vol. 2323, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2323/1/012037.
46. Komiya M. et al. Design Study of 10 MW Rebco Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generator for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2906655.
47. Colle A., Lubin T., Leveque J. Design of a Superconducting Machine and Its Cooling System for an Aeronautics Application. – The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2021, vol. 93, No. 3, DOI: 10.1051/EPJAP/2020200027.
48. Dezhin D., Ilyasov R. Development of fully Superconducting 5 MW Aviation Generator with Liquid Hydrogen Cooling. – EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2022, No. 1, pp. 62–73, DOI: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001771.
49. Profile of NEDO [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100898872.pdf (дата обращения 01.06.2023).
50. Terao Y. et al. Electromagnetic Design of Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Aircraft Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2823503.
51. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM, 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
52. Lee J.-Y. et al. Design and Characteristic Analysis of an Axial Flux High-Temperature Superconducting Motor for Aircraft Propulsion. – Materials, 2023, vol. 16, No. 9, DOI: 10.3390/MA16093587.
53. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator Project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
54. Terao Y. et al. Lightweight Design of Fully Superconducting Motors for Electrical Aircraft Propulsion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902323.
55. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
56. Tallerico T.T. et al. Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor. – AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS), 2020.
57. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
58. Kovalev K. et al. Superconducting System with 100 kW Output Power for Experimental Research. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3147442.
---
Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Минобрнауки России, номер темы FSFF-2023-0005
#
1. Ivanov N.S. et al. Elektrotekhnika. – in Russ. (Electrical Engi-neering), 2022, No. 10, pp. 2–11.
2. Critical Current Characterisation of SuperOx YBCO 2G HTS Superconducting Wire [Electron. resource], URL:https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Critical_current_characterisation_of_SuperOx_YBCO_2G_HTS_superconducting_wire/13708690/1 (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
3. Kovalev K. et al. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Design of Superconducting Electrical Machines. – IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/581/1/012012.
4. Luongo C.A. et al. Next Generation More-Electric-Aircraft: A Potential Application for HTS Superconductors. – Applied Superconductivity, 2009, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1055–1068, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2009.2019021.
5. Haran K.S. et al. High-Power Density Superconducting Rotating Machines - Development Status and Technology Roadmap. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2017, vol. 30, No. 12, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/aa833e.
6. Douine B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2021, No. 4, pp. 25–33.
7. Wang Y. et al. Design, Analysis, and Experimental Test of a Segmented-Rotor High-Temperature Superconducting Flux-Switching Generator with Stationary Seal. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2018, vol. 65, No. 11, pp. 9047–9055, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2814001.
8. Hoang T.K. et al. Levelized Cost of Energy Comparison Between Permanent Magnet and Superconducting Wind Generators for Various Nominal Power. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 7, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3181996.
9. Liu D. et al. Effects of Armature Winding Segmentation with Multiple Converters on the Short Circuit Torque of 10-MW Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2639029.
10. Song X. et al. Commissioning of the World’s First Full-Scale MW-Class Superconducting Generator on a Direct Drive Wind Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2020, vol. 35, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2020.2982897.
11. Xue S. et al. Stator Optimization of Wind Power Generators with High-Temperature Superconducting Armature Windings and Permanent Magnet Rotor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2020.3037057.
12. Sung H.J. et al. Design and Heat Load Analysis of a 12 MW HTS Wind Power Generator Module Employing a Brushless HTS Exciter. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2543838.
13. Liu Y. et al. An Electromagnetic Design of a Fully Superconducting Generator for Wind Application. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14, No. 22, DOI: 10.3390/en14227811.
14. Moon H. et al. Development of a MW-Class 2G HTS Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2536660.
15. Li Z. et al. Comparative Study of 1-MW PM and HTS Synchronous Generators for Marine Current Turbine. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI:10.1109/TASC.2018.2810302.
16. Takei S. et al. Double Armature HTS Bulk Synchronous Machine for Contra-Rotating Turbine Generator. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3148696.
17. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
18. Nam G.D. et al. Design and characteristic analysis of a 1 MW superconducting motor for ship propulsions. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902872.
19. Fuger R. et al. A Superconducting Homopolar Motor and Generator – New Approaches. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2016, vol. 29, No. 3, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/29/3/034001.
20. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
21. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
22. Ivanov N. et al. Calculation, Design, and Winding Preliminary Tests of 90-kW HTS Machine for Small-Scale Demonstrator of Generating System for Future Aircraft with Hybrid Propulsion System. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2023, vol. 33, No. 2, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3228704.
23. Kalitka V.S. Development of 500 kW Superconducting Motor and Its Test on Flying Laboratory. – EUCAS, 2021.
24. Colle A. et al. Test of a Flux Modulation Superconducting Machine for Aircraft. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012052.
25. Sasa H. et al. Experimental Evaluation of 1 kW-class Prototype REBCO Fully Superconducting Synchronous Motor Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for E-Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2021, vol. 31, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2021.3055452.
26. Sasa H. et al. Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupled Analysis Considering AC Losses in REBCO Windings of 10 MW Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generators Cooled by Subcooled Liquid Nitrogen for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 6, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3160660.
27. Zhou X. et al. Conceptual Design, AC Loss Calculation, and Optimization of an Airborne Fully High Temperature Superconducting Generator. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2023, vol. 605, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2022.1354207.
28. Filipenko M. et al. Concept Design of a High-Power Superconducting Generator for Future Hybrid-Electric Aircraft. – Supercond Sci Technol, 2020, vol. 33, No. 5, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/ab695a.
29. Zhou X. et al. Feasible and Optimal Design of an Airborne High-Temperature Superconducting Generator Using Taguchi Method. – Electronics 2022, 2022, vol. 11, No. 12, DOI: 10.3390/ELECTRONICS11121901.
30. Koster R., Binder A. Multi-Objective Optimization of a Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generator with HTS Excitation Winding. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3143088.
31. Jung G.E. et al. A Comparative Analysis of Economics of PMSG and SCSG Floating Offshore Wind Farms. – Energies, 2021, vol. 14(5):1386, DOI:10.3390/en14051386.
32. EcoSwing – Energy Cost Optimization using Superconducting Wind Generators – World’s First Demonstration of a 3.6 MW Low-Cost Lightweight DD Superconducting Generator on a Wind Turbine, DOI 10.3030/656024.
33. Tsukamoto O. Present Status and Future Trends of R&D for HTS Rotational Machines in Japan. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2014, vol. 504, pp. 106–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2014.03.018.
34. Yanamoto T. et al. Electric Propulsion Motor Development for Commercial Ships in Japan. – Proceedings of the IEEE, 2015, vol. 103, No. 12, pp. 2333–2343, DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2015.2495134.
35. Woodruff S. et al. Testing A 5 MW High-Temperature Superconducting Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium, 2005, pp. 206–212, DOI: 10.1109/ESTS.2005.1524676.
36. Kalsi S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC. – Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference, 2019 [Electron. resource], URL: https://indico.cern.ch/event/760666/contributions/3390601/attach-ments/1880202/3099643/Navy_Motors-20190715.pdf (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
37. Nick W., Grundmann J., Frauenhofer J. Test Results from Siemens Low-Speed, High-Torque HTS Machine and Description of Further Steps Towards Commercialisation of HTS Machines. – Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2012, vol. 482, pp. 105–110, DOI: 10.1016/J.PHYSC.2012.04.019.
38. Bauer M. et al. Technology Trends and Challenges for Superconductor-Based Ship Propulsion. – The 32nd Undersea Defence Technology Conference (UDT), 2019.
39. Kalsi S.S. Design of MW-Class Ship Propulsion Motors for US Navy by AMSC, DOI: 10.1109/PES.2006.1709643.
40. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC. 2018.2815712.
41. Torrey D. et al. Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Ship Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC. 2020.2980844.
42. Kalsi S. Ship Propulsion Motor Employing Bi-2223 and MgB2 Superconductors. – Research, Fabrication and Applications of Bi-2223 HTS Wires, 2016, DOI: 10.1142/9789814749268_0032.
43. Yanamoto T. et al. Loss Analysis of a 3-MW High-Temperature Superconducting Ship Propulsion Motor. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4,: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2815712.
44. Rendón M.A. et al. Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion: Development Trends, Challenges and Opportunities. – Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 2021, vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 1244–1268, DOI: 10.1007/S40313-021-00740-X/FIGURES/19.
45. Noda K. et al. Numerical Simulation of a High-Power Density 10 MW REBCO Superconducting Synchronous Generator Cooled By Sub-Cooled LN2 for Low AC loss. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, vol. 2323, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2323/1/012037.
46. Komiya M. et al. Design Study of 10 MW Rebco Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generator for Electric Aircraft. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2906655.
47. Colle A., Lubin T., Leveque J. Design of a Superconducting Machine and Its Cooling System for an Aeronautics Application. – The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2021, vol. 93, No. 3, DOI: 10.1051/EPJAP/2020200027.
48. Dezhin D., Ilyasov R. Development of fully Superconducting 5 MW Aviation Generator with Liquid Hydrogen Cooling. – EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 2022, No. 1, pp. 62–73, DOI: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.001771.
49. Profile of NEDO [Electron. resourse], URL: https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100898872.pdf (Date of appeal 01.06.2023).
50. Terao Y. et al. Electromagnetic Design of Superconducting Synchronous Motors for Electric Aircraft Propulsion. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2018, vol. 28, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2018.2823503.
51. Mellerud R., Nøland J., Hartmann C. Preliminary Design of a 2.5-MW Superconducting Propulsion Motor for Hydrogen-Powered Aviation. – International Conference on Electrical Machines, ICEM, 2022, pp. 1404–1410, DOI: 10.1109/ICEM51905.2022.9910833.
52. Lee J.-Y. et al. Design and Characteristic Analysis of an Axial Flux High-Temperature Superconducting Motor for Aircraft Propulsion. – Materials, 2023, vol. 16, No. 9, DOI: 10.3390/MA16093587.
53. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator Project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
54. Terao Y. et al. Lightweight Design of Fully Superconducting Motors for Electrical Aircraft Propulsion Systems. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2019, vol. 29, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2902323.
55. Jansen R.H. et al. High Efficiency Megawatt Motor Preliminary Design. – AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, 2019, DOI: 10.2514/6.2019-4513.
56. Tallerico T.T. et al. Electromagnetic Redesign of NASA’s High Efficiency Megawatt Motor. – AIAA/IEEE Electric Aircraft Technologies Symposium (EATS), 2020.
57. Grilli F. et al. Superconducting Motors for Aircraft Propulsion: The Advanced Superconducting Motor Experimental Demonstrator project. – Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020, vol. 1590, No. 1, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1590/1/012051.
58. Kovalev K. et al. Superconducting System with 100 kW Output Power for Experimental Research. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2022, vol. 32, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2022.3147442.
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The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, topic number FSFF-2023-0005
Published
2023-07-14
Issue
Section
Article
