Features of Applying Cast Epoxy Insulation and Compositions Based on It for High-voltage Equipment
Keywords:
cast epoxy insulation, high-voltage equipment, electrical strength, cycloaliphatic resins, insulation compounds, fillers, microheterogeneous structure
Abstract
The article considers the features of applying cast epoxy insulation (LEI) and compositions based on it in high-voltage equipment. The LEI structural characteristics are studied, including its microheterogeneous structure and the effect of globules on electrical strength. Operational factors, such as the insulation volume and structure, voltage exposure time, and operating temperature, are discussed. The advantages of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins in comparison with conventional resins based on bisphenol A and F, as well as the effect of various fillers on the insulation mechanical and electrical properties are considered. Examples of LEI application in transformers, switchgear and busbars are given along with methods for increasing the insulation electrical strength by optimizing the composition of compounds and the insulation system structures. The absolute value of local electric field intensities in the dielectric is discussed, which depends both on the average electric field intensity in the vicinity of field inhomogeneities and on the parameters of the inhomogeneities themselves. The results of experimental studies and statistical analysis of the dependence of electrical strength on the cast epoxy insulation thickness are considered, which demonstrate that in a quasi-homogeneous electric field, a decrease in the insulation electrical strength with an increase in the interelectrode distance is due to a change in the dielectric "active volume".
References
1. Stephen R., Iglesias J. Insulation Coordination. Compact Overhead Line Design. CIGRE Green Books. – Springer, 2024, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44524-8_3.
2. Вариводов В.Н., Ковалев Д.И., Голубев Д.В. Полимеры в технике высоких напряжений. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2022, 280 с.
3. ETA-COM/Betobar-r [Электрон. ресурс], URL: http://www.etacomcs.com/ru/products-solutions-3.html (дата обращения 14.06.2024).
4. Пофазноизолированные токопроводы с литой изоляцией Ritz SIS [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.rauta-energy.ru/pofaznoizolirovannye-tokoprovody-s-litoj-izolyatsiej-sis.html (дата обращения 15.06.2024).
5. Ковалев Д.И. и др. Развитие систем изоляции применительно к высоковольтным токопроводам с твердой изоляцией. – Электротехника, 2021, № 4, с. 6–14.
6. Dakin T. Application of Epoxy Resins in Electrical Apparatus. – IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1974, No. 4, pp. 121–128, DOI: 10.1109/TEI.1974.299321.
7. Справочник химика 21 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.chem21.info (дата обращения 15.06.2024).
8. Энциклопедия по машиностроению XXL [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://mash-xxl.info/info/190505 (дата обращения 14.09.2024).
9. Гинзбург Л.Д. Высоковольтные трансформаторы и дроссели с эпоксидной изоляцией. Л.: Энергия, 1978, 192 с.
10. Musznicki P., Schanen J.-L., Chrzan P.J. Design of Hight Voltage Busbar: Tradeoff between Electrical Field and Stray Inductance, 2003.
11. Fabiani D., Simoni L. Discussion on Application of the Weibull Distribution to Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Materials. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005, 12(1), pp. 11–16, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1394010.
12. Du B., Liang H. Electric Field Simulation on Epoxy Spacer with Nonlinear Conductivity for DC-GIL. – Springer Link, 2022, pp. 337–352, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7111-2_18.
13. Zhao Y. et al. Epoxy Resin Insulating Composites for Vacuum Cast Electrical Insulators of GIS. – Springer Link, 2020, pp. 311–346, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_13.
14. Электрофизические проблемы применения твердых и комбинированных диэлектриков в технике высоких напряжений / под ред. М.В. Костенко, Ю.Н. Вершинина. Новосибирск: Наука, 1974, 115 с.
15. Varivodov V.N. et al. The Primary Aspects of Improving the Electrical Strength of Cast Epoxy Insulation on High-Voltage Devices. – WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, 17, pp. 103–116, DOI: 10.37394/232016.2022.17.12.
16. Liang M., Wong K.L. Electrical Performance of Epoxy Resin Filled with Micro Particles and Nanoparticles. – Energy Procedia, 2016, 110, pp. 162–167, DOI: 0.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.122.
17. Твердая изоляция внутренних высоковольтных конструкций [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://forca.ru/knigi/arhivy/tverdaya-izolyaciya-vnutrennih-vysokovoltnyh-konstrukciy-19.html) (дата обращения 02.06.2024).
18. Varivodov V.N. et al. Application of Shielded Solid Insulation for the Complete Switchgears at High Voltage. – International Conference on Modern Power Systems, 2017, DOI: 10.1109/MPS.2017.7974402
19. Yahyaoui H. et al. Electrical Breakdown of Epoxy and PTFE under DC Conditions. – IEEE 1st International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICD.2016.7547526.
20. Haque S. et al. Application and Suitability of Polymeric Materials as Insulators in Electrical Equipment. – Energies, 2027, 14, DOI: 10.3390/en14102758.
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Исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания (проект № FSWF-2024-0017).
#
1. Stephen R., Iglesias J. Insulation Coordination. Compact Overhead Line Design. CIGRE Green Books. – Springer, 2024, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44524-8_3.
2. Varivodov V.N., Kovalev D.I., Golubev D.V. Polimery v tekhnike vysokih napryazheniy (Polymers in High-Voltage Engineering). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2022, 280 p.
3. ETA-COM/Betobar-r [Electron. resource], URL: http://www.etacomcs.com/ru/products-solutions-3.html (Date of appeal 14.06.2024).
4. Pofaznoizolirovannye tokoprovody s litoy izolyatsiey Ritz SIS (Phase-Insulated Current Lines with Cast Ritz SIS Insulation) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.rauta-energy.ru/pofaznoizolirovannye-tokoprovody-s-litoj-izolyatsiej-sis.html (Date of appeal 15.06.2024).
5. Kovalev D.I. et al. Elektrotekhnika – in Russ. (Electrical Engineering), 2021, No. 4, pp. 6–14.
6. Dakin T. Application of Epoxy Resins in Electrical Apparatus. – IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1974, No. 4, pp. 121–128, DOI: 10.1109/TEI.1974.299321.
7. Spravochnik himika 21 (Chemist's Handbook 21) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.chem21.info (Date of appeal 15.06.2024).
8. Entsiklopediya po mashinostroeniyu XXL (Encyclopedia of Mechanical Engineering XXL) [Electron. resource], URL: https://mash-xxl.info/info/190505 (Date of appeal 14.09.2024).
9. Ginzburg L.D. Vysokovol'tnye transformatory i drosseli s epoksidnoy izolyatsiey (High Voltage Transformers and Chokes with Epoxy Insulation). L.: Energiya, 1978, 192 p.
10. Musznicki P., Schanen J.-L., Chrzan P.J. Design of Hight Voltage Busbar: Tradeoff between Electrical Field and Stray Inductance, 2003.
11. Fabiani D., Simoni L. Discussion on Application of the Weibull Distribution to Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Materials. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005, 12(1), pp. 11–16, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1394010.
12. Du B., Liang H. Electric Field Simulation on Epoxy Spacer with Nonlinear Conductivity for DC-GIL. – Springer Link, 2022, pp. 337–352, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7111-2_18.
13. Zhao Y. et al. Epoxy Resin Insulating Composites for Vacuum Cast Electrical Insulators of GIS. – Springer Link, 2020, pp. 311–346, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_13.
14. Elektrofizicheskie problemy primeneniya tverdyh i kombini-rovannyh dielektrikov v tekhnike vysokih napryazheniy (Application Electrophysical Problems of Solid and Combined Dielectrics in High Voltage Engineering) / By Ed. М.V. Kostenko, Yu.N. Vershinin. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1974, 115 p.
15. Varivodov V.N. et al. The Primary Aspects of Improving the Electrical Strength of Cast Epoxy Insulation on High-Voltage Devices. – WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, 17, pp. 103–116, DOI: 10.37394/232016.2022.17.12.
16. Liang M., Wong K.L. Electrical Performance of Epoxy Resin Filled with Micro Particles and Nanoparticles. – Energy Procedia, 2016, 110, pp. 162–167, DOI: 0.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.122.
17. Tverdaya izolyatsiya vnutrennih vysokovol'tnyh konstruktsiy (Solid Insulation of Internal High-Voltage Structures) [Electron. resource], URL: https://forca.ru/knigi/arhivy/tverdaya-izolyaciya-vnutrennih-vysokovoltnyh-konstrukciy-19.html) (Date of appeal 02.06.2024).
18. Varivodov V.N. et al. Application of Shielded Solid Insulation for the Complete Switchgears at High Voltage. – International Conference on Modern Power Systems, 2017, DOI: 10.1109/MPS.2017.7974402
19. Yahyaoui H. et al. Electrical Breakdown of Epoxy and PTFE under DC Conditions. – IEEE 1st International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICD.2016.7547526.
20. Haque S. et al. Application and Suitability of Polymeric Materials as Insulators in Electrical Equipment. – Energies, 2027, 14, DOI: 10.3390/en14102758
---
The study was conducted at the National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Instutute with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of the state assignment (project No. FSWF-2024-0017)
2. Вариводов В.Н., Ковалев Д.И., Голубев Д.В. Полимеры в технике высоких напряжений. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2022, 280 с.
3. ETA-COM/Betobar-r [Электрон. ресурс], URL: http://www.etacomcs.com/ru/products-solutions-3.html (дата обращения 14.06.2024).
4. Пофазноизолированные токопроводы с литой изоляцией Ritz SIS [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.rauta-energy.ru/pofaznoizolirovannye-tokoprovody-s-litoj-izolyatsiej-sis.html (дата обращения 15.06.2024).
5. Ковалев Д.И. и др. Развитие систем изоляции применительно к высоковольтным токопроводам с твердой изоляцией. – Электротехника, 2021, № 4, с. 6–14.
6. Dakin T. Application of Epoxy Resins in Electrical Apparatus. – IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1974, No. 4, pp. 121–128, DOI: 10.1109/TEI.1974.299321.
7. Справочник химика 21 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.chem21.info (дата обращения 15.06.2024).
8. Энциклопедия по машиностроению XXL [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://mash-xxl.info/info/190505 (дата обращения 14.09.2024).
9. Гинзбург Л.Д. Высоковольтные трансформаторы и дроссели с эпоксидной изоляцией. Л.: Энергия, 1978, 192 с.
10. Musznicki P., Schanen J.-L., Chrzan P.J. Design of Hight Voltage Busbar: Tradeoff between Electrical Field and Stray Inductance, 2003.
11. Fabiani D., Simoni L. Discussion on Application of the Weibull Distribution to Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Materials. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005, 12(1), pp. 11–16, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1394010.
12. Du B., Liang H. Electric Field Simulation on Epoxy Spacer with Nonlinear Conductivity for DC-GIL. – Springer Link, 2022, pp. 337–352, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7111-2_18.
13. Zhao Y. et al. Epoxy Resin Insulating Composites for Vacuum Cast Electrical Insulators of GIS. – Springer Link, 2020, pp. 311–346, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_13.
14. Электрофизические проблемы применения твердых и комбинированных диэлектриков в технике высоких напряжений / под ред. М.В. Костенко, Ю.Н. Вершинина. Новосибирск: Наука, 1974, 115 с.
15. Varivodov V.N. et al. The Primary Aspects of Improving the Electrical Strength of Cast Epoxy Insulation on High-Voltage Devices. – WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, 17, pp. 103–116, DOI: 10.37394/232016.2022.17.12.
16. Liang M., Wong K.L. Electrical Performance of Epoxy Resin Filled with Micro Particles and Nanoparticles. – Energy Procedia, 2016, 110, pp. 162–167, DOI: 0.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.122.
17. Твердая изоляция внутренних высоковольтных конструкций [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://forca.ru/knigi/arhivy/tverdaya-izolyaciya-vnutrennih-vysokovoltnyh-konstrukciy-19.html) (дата обращения 02.06.2024).
18. Varivodov V.N. et al. Application of Shielded Solid Insulation for the Complete Switchgears at High Voltage. – International Conference on Modern Power Systems, 2017, DOI: 10.1109/MPS.2017.7974402
19. Yahyaoui H. et al. Electrical Breakdown of Epoxy and PTFE under DC Conditions. – IEEE 1st International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICD.2016.7547526.
20. Haque S. et al. Application and Suitability of Polymeric Materials as Insulators in Electrical Equipment. – Energies, 2027, 14, DOI: 10.3390/en14102758.
---
Исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания (проект № FSWF-2024-0017).
#
1. Stephen R., Iglesias J. Insulation Coordination. Compact Overhead Line Design. CIGRE Green Books. – Springer, 2024, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44524-8_3.
2. Varivodov V.N., Kovalev D.I., Golubev D.V. Polimery v tekhnike vysokih napryazheniy (Polymers in High-Voltage Engineering). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2022, 280 p.
3. ETA-COM/Betobar-r [Electron. resource], URL: http://www.etacomcs.com/ru/products-solutions-3.html (Date of appeal 14.06.2024).
4. Pofaznoizolirovannye tokoprovody s litoy izolyatsiey Ritz SIS (Phase-Insulated Current Lines with Cast Ritz SIS Insulation) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.rauta-energy.ru/pofaznoizolirovannye-tokoprovody-s-litoj-izolyatsiej-sis.html (Date of appeal 15.06.2024).
5. Kovalev D.I. et al. Elektrotekhnika – in Russ. (Electrical Engineering), 2021, No. 4, pp. 6–14.
6. Dakin T. Application of Epoxy Resins in Electrical Apparatus. – IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1974, No. 4, pp. 121–128, DOI: 10.1109/TEI.1974.299321.
7. Spravochnik himika 21 (Chemist's Handbook 21) [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.chem21.info (Date of appeal 15.06.2024).
8. Entsiklopediya po mashinostroeniyu XXL (Encyclopedia of Mechanical Engineering XXL) [Electron. resource], URL: https://mash-xxl.info/info/190505 (Date of appeal 14.09.2024).
9. Ginzburg L.D. Vysokovol'tnye transformatory i drosseli s epoksidnoy izolyatsiey (High Voltage Transformers and Chokes with Epoxy Insulation). L.: Energiya, 1978, 192 p.
10. Musznicki P., Schanen J.-L., Chrzan P.J. Design of Hight Voltage Busbar: Tradeoff between Electrical Field and Stray Inductance, 2003.
11. Fabiani D., Simoni L. Discussion on Application of the Weibull Distribution to Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Materials. – IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2005, 12(1), pp. 11–16, DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1394010.
12. Du B., Liang H. Electric Field Simulation on Epoxy Spacer with Nonlinear Conductivity for DC-GIL. – Springer Link, 2022, pp. 337–352, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7111-2_18.
13. Zhao Y. et al. Epoxy Resin Insulating Composites for Vacuum Cast Electrical Insulators of GIS. – Springer Link, 2020, pp. 311–346, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9731-2_13.
14. Elektrofizicheskie problemy primeneniya tverdyh i kombini-rovannyh dielektrikov v tekhnike vysokih napryazheniy (Application Electrophysical Problems of Solid and Combined Dielectrics in High Voltage Engineering) / By Ed. М.V. Kostenko, Yu.N. Vershinin. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1974, 115 p.
15. Varivodov V.N. et al. The Primary Aspects of Improving the Electrical Strength of Cast Epoxy Insulation on High-Voltage Devices. – WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, 17, pp. 103–116, DOI: 10.37394/232016.2022.17.12.
16. Liang M., Wong K.L. Electrical Performance of Epoxy Resin Filled with Micro Particles and Nanoparticles. – Energy Procedia, 2016, 110, pp. 162–167, DOI: 0.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.122.
17. Tverdaya izolyatsiya vnutrennih vysokovol'tnyh konstruktsiy (Solid Insulation of Internal High-Voltage Structures) [Electron. resource], URL: https://forca.ru/knigi/arhivy/tverdaya-izolyaciya-vnutrennih-vysokovoltnyh-konstrukciy-19.html) (Date of appeal 02.06.2024).
18. Varivodov V.N. et al. Application of Shielded Solid Insulation for the Complete Switchgears at High Voltage. – International Conference on Modern Power Systems, 2017, DOI: 10.1109/MPS.2017.7974402
19. Yahyaoui H. et al. Electrical Breakdown of Epoxy and PTFE under DC Conditions. – IEEE 1st International Conference on Dielectrics, 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICD.2016.7547526.
20. Haque S. et al. Application and Suitability of Polymeric Materials as Insulators in Electrical Equipment. – Energies, 2027, 14, DOI: 10.3390/en14102758
---
The study was conducted at the National Research University Moscow Power Engineering Instutute with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of the state assignment (project No. FSWF-2024-0017)
Published
2024-08-29
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