Концептуальный анализ сверхпроводящих гидроэлектрических униполярных генераторов для алюминиевых заводов и крупных водородных электролизёров
Ключевые слова:
униполярные машины, крупномасштабные применения, электролизное производство, алюминий, жидкий водород, двигатели, генераторы, сверхпроводящие магниты
Аннотация
Сверхпроводящий униполярный генератор с приводом от гидравлической турбины, оснащённый высокоскоростными жидкометаллическими токосъёмниками для больших токов, представляет практическое решение для прямого электроснабжения постоянным током алюминиевых заводов и водородных электролизёров. Данная технология исключает необходимость в традиционных системах «генератор переменного тока – трансформатор – выпрямитель», обеспечивая при этом высокий постоянный ток без пульсаций. Сочетание жидкометаллических токосъёмников, способных надёжно работать с непрерывными токами 250 кА, катушек возбуждения из NbTi и высокоскоростных первичных двигателей, таких как турбины Фрэнсиса или Пелтона, обеспечивает мощность генераторов 20–100 МВт. Гидроэлектростанции, которые исторически часто расположены в непосредственной близости от алюминиевых заводов – основных потребителей постоянного тока – предоставляют идеальную платформу для внедрения крупномасштабных сверхпроводящих генераторов благодаря их значительной выходной мощности и существующей инфраструктуре. Помимо повышения системной эффективности – маргинального, но экономически значимого – данный подход обеспечивает развитие интегрированной сверхпроводящей инфраструктуры посредством высокотемпературных сверхпроводящих (ВТСП) кабелей, заменяющих традиционные массивные токонесущие шины. Последние разработки в области сверхпроводящих кабелей, включая проект DEMO 200 (200 кА), демонстрируют жизнеспособность такой интеграции. Предлагаемое решение использует исключительно зрелые технологии с развитыми цепочками поставок, что позволяет быстро запустить производство в промышленном масштабе. Такой подход создаёт реалистичный и экономически обоснованный путь для внедрения практических сверхпроводящих систем в энергетическом секторе, значительно повышая системную эффективность электролитического производства алюминия и водорода. Данная работа не является всесторонним проектным исследованием, но представляет попытку критического инженерного анализа применения предлагаемого решения с обзором перечня доступных вспомогательных технологий.
Литература
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#
1. Kermeli K. et al. Energy Efficiency Improvement and GHG Abatement in the Global Production of Primary Aluminium. – Energy Efficiency, 2015, vol. 8, pp. 629–666, DOI: 10.1007/s12053-014-9301-7.
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5. Sayanogorsk Aluminium Smelter [Electron. resource], URL: https://rusal.ru/en/about/geography/sayanogorskiy-alyuminievyy-zavod (Accessed on 17.08.2025).
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7. Fjarðaál Aluminum Smelter [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.bechtel.com/projects/fjardaal-aluminum-smelter (Accessed on 17.08.2025).
8. Rio Tinto Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/canada/saguenay (Accessed on 17.08.2025).
9. Rio Tinto NZAS [Electron. resource], URL: https://nzas.co.nz (Accessed on 17.08.2025).
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25. Fair R. et al. Development of an HTS Hydroelectric Power Generator for the Hirschaid Power Station. – J. of Physics: Conf. Series, 9th European Conf. on Applied Superconductivity, 2010, vol. 234, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/234/3/032008.
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38. Stauntner W. et al. Cryogenic Aspects of a 20 MW Class Low-Temperature Superconducting Generator for the Renewables Industry. – IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2024, vol. 1301, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1301/1/012048.
39. Iliev I., Trivedi C., Dahlhaug O.G. Variable-Speed Operation of Francis Turbines: A Review of the Perspectives and Challenges. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, vol. 103, pp. 109–121, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.033.
40. Shrestha U., Choi Y. A CFD-Based Shape Design Optimization Process of Fixed Flow Passages in a Francis Hydro Turbine. – Processes, 2020, vol. 8, DOI: 10.3390/pr8111392.
41. Maw T.T., Mya N.S., Khaing C.C. Design and Analysis of 30 MW Pelton Turbine. – International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research, 2019, vol. 8, pp 452–457.
42. 150,000 Continuous D-C Amperes Easy for Acyclic Generator, Power Engineering, 1962.
43. Fuger R. et al. A Superconducting Homopolar Motor and Generator – New Approaches. – Superconducting Science and Technology, 2016, vol 29, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/29/3/034001.
44. Wilson M.N. Superconducting Magnets. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987, 335 p.
45. Giger U., Pagani P., Trepp C. The Low Temperature Plant for the Big European Bubble Chamber BEBC. – Cryogenics, 1971, vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 451–455, DOI: 10.1016/0011-2275(71)90269-4.
46. Green M.A. The Development of Superconducting Detector Magnets From 1965 to the Present. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2007, vol. 27, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2634522.
47. Mitchell N. et al. The ITER Magnets: Design and Construction Status. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2012, vol. 22, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2011.2174560.
48. Lim B. et al. Design of ITER PF Coils. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp 1918–1921, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2010.2092732.
49. Parizh M., Sautner W. Handbook of Superconductivity: Characterization and Applications, vol. III, Ch. H1.3: MRI Magnets. Boca Raton, U.S.A.: CRC Press, 2022, 56 p.
50. Allais A. et al. SuperRail–World-First HTS Cable to be Installed on a Railway Network in France. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2024, vol. 34, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3356450
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8. Rio Tinto Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/canada/saguenay (дата обращения 17.08.2025).
9. Rio Tinto NZAS [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://nzas.co.nz (дата обращения 17.08.2025).
10. Aqueveque P.E. et al. On the Efficiency and Reliability of High-Currents Rectifiers. – IEEE Industry Applications Conf. Forty-First IAS Annual Meeting, 2006, DOI: 10.1109/IAS.2006.256697.
11. Rodriguez J.R. et al. Large Current Rectifiers: State of the Art and Future Trends. – IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2005, vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 738–746, DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2005.843949.
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#
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17. Matsekh A. Handbook of Superconductivity: Characterization and Applications, vol. III, Ch. H1.12: Homopolar Motors. Boca Raton, U.S.A.: CRC Press, 2022, 10 p.
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19. Guala-Valverde J. et al. The Homopolar Motor: A True Relativistic Engine. – American Journal of Physics, 2002, vol. 70, pp. 1052–1055, DOI: 10.1119/1.1498857.
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24. Ma J. et al. Design of a 10 kW Superconducting Homopolar Inductor Machine Based on HTS REBCO Magnet. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2024, vol. 34, No. 5, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2023.3345289.
25. Fair R. et al. Development of an HTS Hydroelectric Power Generator for the Hirschaid Power Station. – J. of Physics: Conf. Series, 9th European Conf. on Applied Superconductivity, 2010, vol. 234, DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/234/3/032008.
26. Hydro Review, Superconductor Technology Makes Hydropower Debut [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/superconductor-technology (Accessed on 20.09.2025).
27. Markus Bauer et al. HTS Field Coils with Robust Design for a Superconducting Wind Turbine Generator, Presentation MT-25 Conf. 2017.
28. Bergen A. et al. Design and in-Field Testing of the World’s First ReBCO Rotor for a 3.6 MW Wind Generator. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2019, vol 32, 2019, DOI: 10.1088/1361-6668/ab48d6.
29. Koponen J. et al. Effect of Power Quality on the Design of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Systems. – Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115791.
30. Cooley L.D., Ghosh A.K., Scanlan R.M. Costs of High-Field Superconducting Strands for Particle Accelerators Magnets. – Superconductor Science and Technology, 2005, vol. 18, No. 4, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/18/4/R01.
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34. Xu R. et al. A Global-Scale Framework for Hydropower Development Incorporating Strict Environmental Constraints. – Nature Water, 2023, No. 1, pp. 113–122, DOI: 10.1038/s44221-022-00004-1.
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37. Song X. et al. Design Study of Fully Superconducting Wind Turbine Generators. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol 25, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2015.2396682.
38. Stauntner W. et al. Cryogenic Aspects of a 20 MW Class Low-Temperature Superconducting Generator for the Renewables Industry. – IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2024, vol. 1301, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1301/1/012048.
39. Iliev I., Trivedi C., Dahlhaug O.G. Variable-Speed Operation of Francis Turbines: A Review of the Perspectives and Challenges. – Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, vol. 103, pp. 109–121, DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.033.
40. Shrestha U., Choi Y. A CFD-Based Shape Design Optimization Process of Fixed Flow Passages in a Francis Hydro Turbine. – Processes, 2020, vol. 8, DOI: 10.3390/pr8111392.
41. Maw T.T., Mya N.S., Khaing C.C. Design and Analysis of 30 MW Pelton Turbine. – International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research, 2019, vol. 8, pp 452–457.
42. 150,000 Continuous D-C Amperes Easy for Acyclic Generator, Power Engineering, 1962.
43. Fuger R. et al. A Superconducting Homopolar Motor and Generator – New Approaches. – Superconducting Science and Technology, 2016, vol 29, DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/29/3/034001.
44. Wilson M.N. Superconducting Magnets. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987, 335 p.
45. Giger U., Pagani P., Trepp C. The Low Temperature Plant for the Big European Bubble Chamber BEBC. – Cryogenics, 1971, vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 451–455, DOI: 10.1016/0011-2275(71)90269-4.
46. Green M.A. The Development of Superconducting Detector Magnets From 1965 to the Present. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2007, vol. 27, No. 4, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2016.2634522.
47. Mitchell N. et al. The ITER Magnets: Design and Construction Status. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2012, vol. 22, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2011.2174560.
48. Lim B. et al. Design of ITER PF Coils. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp 1918–1921, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2010.2092732.
49. Parizh M., Sautner W. Handbook of Superconductivity: Characterization and Applications, vol. III, Ch. H1.3: MRI Magnets. Boca Raton, U.S.A.: CRC Press, 2022, 56 p.
50. Allais A. et al. SuperRail–World-First HTS Cable to be Installed on a Railway Network in France. – IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2024, vol. 34, No. 3, DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3356450
